Critical Appraisal and Applicability Tables

Bradley S. Peterson; Joey Trampush; Margaret Maglione; Maria Bolshakova; Morah Brown; Mary Rozelle; Aneesa Motala; Sachi Yagyu; Jeremy Miles; Sheila Pakdaman; Mario Gastelum; Bich Thuy (Becky) Nguyen; Erin Tokutomi; Esther Lee; Jerusalem Z. Belay; Coleman Schaefer; Benjamin Coughlin; Karin Celosse; Sreya Molakalapalli; Brittany Shaw; Tanzina Sazmin; Anne N. Onyekwuluje; Danica Tolentino; Susanne Hempel

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

Peterson BS, Trampush J, Maglione M, et al. ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment in Children and Adolescents [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2024 Mar. (Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 267.)

Appendix DCritical Appraisal and Applicability Tables

Table D.1Critical appraisal for included studies, KQ1

Author, Year	Patient Selection	Index Test	Reference Standard	Flow Timing	Overall RoB
Abramov, 2019¹¹¹	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	High risk
Adams, 2009¹¹²	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Ahmadi, 2021¹¹⁵	High risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Algorta, 2016¹¹⁷	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Alloway, 2009¹¹⁹	Unclear risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Altınkaynak, 2020¹²⁰	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Amado-Caballero, 2020¹²¹	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk
Arjona, 2023¹²⁴	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Bansal, 2012²⁸	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Bard, 2013¹³⁴	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Barkley, 1994¹³⁵	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Berger, 2010¹⁴¹	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Berger, 2017¹⁴⁰	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Bergeron, 2017¹⁴²	Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Beriha, 2018¹⁴³	Unclear risk	High risk	Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Bledsoe, 2020¹⁵²	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Bloch, 2012¹⁵³	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Boroujeni, 2019¹⁵⁷	High risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Boucugnani, 1989¹⁵⁹	High risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Breaux, 2016¹⁶²	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate risk
Bunte, 2013¹⁶⁷	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Burton, 2019¹⁶⁸	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Bussing, 1998¹⁶⁹	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk
Canivez, 2016¹⁷⁰	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Catherine Joy, 2021¹⁷²	High risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk
Caudal, 2011²⁶⁰	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Chan, 2022¹⁷⁷	Unclear risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Chang, 2019¹⁷⁹	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Chang, 2022¹⁸²	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Chang, 2023¹⁸¹	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Charach, 2009¹⁸³	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Low risk
Chelune, 1986¹⁸⁴	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Chen, 1994¹⁹⁰	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Chen, 2019¹⁸⁷	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Chen, 2019¹⁸⁸	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Chen, 2020¹⁹¹	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Chen, 2021¹⁸⁹	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Chen, 2022¹⁸⁵	Unclear risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Chen, 2023¹⁸⁶	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Chiarenza, 2018¹⁹²	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Chow, 2019¹⁹⁷	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Chu, 2017¹⁹⁸	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Cree, 2023²¹⁰	Unclear risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Crippa, 2017²¹¹	High risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Culbertson, 1998²¹³	High risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Das, 2021²¹⁴	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Deb, 2008²¹⁸	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Deserno, 2022²²³	Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Low risk
Doyle, 1997²³⁰	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Doyle, 2007²³¹	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Duda, 2016²³⁴	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Duda, 2017²³³	High risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk
DuPaul, 1992²³⁷	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Ebesutani, 2010²⁴¹	Low risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Edwards, 2015²⁴²	Low risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Eiraldi, 2000²⁴⁴	Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Ekhlasi, 2022²⁴⁵	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Elkins, 2014²⁵¹	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
El-Sayed, 1999²⁴⁶	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Emser, 2018²⁵³	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Faraone, 2016²⁶³	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Ferrin, 2012²⁶⁷	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Forbes, 1998²⁷⁶	Unclear risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Francois-Sevigny, 2022²⁷⁷	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Gao, 2020²⁸²	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Garcia-Argibay, 2022²⁸³	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Garcia-Sanchez, 1997²⁸⁴	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Gardner, 2007²⁸⁵	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Gargaro, 2014²⁸⁷	Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Geurts, 2004²⁹³	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Gibbons, 2020²⁹⁷	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Gilbert, 2016²⁹⁸	High risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Low risk
Goh, 2023²⁹⁹	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Gomez, 2018³⁰⁰	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Gomez, 2021³⁰¹	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Grazioli, 2023³⁰³	Unclear risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Grodzinsky, 1992³⁰⁷	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Gungor, 2021³⁰⁹	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Guttentag, 2022³¹¹	Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Hager, 2021³¹²	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Hall, 2016³¹⁵	Low risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Hall, 2020³¹⁴	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Hamadache, 2021³¹⁶	Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Hasaneen, 2017³¹⁹	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk
Helgadottir, 2015³²²	Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Heller, 2013³²³	Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Hinshaw, 2002³²⁷	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Hong, 2019³³¹	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Low risk
Hudziak, 2004³³⁶	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Hult, 2018²⁴	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Ickowicz, 2006³³⁸	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Jacobson, 2020³³⁹	Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Jahanshahloo, 2017³⁴⁰	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Jarrett, 2018³⁴²	Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Jensen-Doss, 2013³⁴⁴	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Jimenez-Figueroa, 2017³⁴⁶	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Johansson, 2021³⁴⁷	High risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Johnstone, 2021³⁵¹	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Juneja, 2019³⁵²	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Kam, 2010³⁵⁵	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Low risk
Karabiber Cura, 2023³⁵⁶	High risk	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Karr, 2021³⁵⁹	Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Kennerley, 2018³⁶²	Unclear risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Kim, 2015³⁶⁶	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Kim, 2015³⁶⁵	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Koh, 2021³⁶⁹	Low risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Koh, 2022³⁷⁰	Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Krieger, 2021³⁷⁹	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate risk
Kurokami, 2022³⁸²	High risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Lau, 2018³⁸⁵	Low risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Low risk
Lee, 2022³⁸⁸	Unclear risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Lefler, 2012³⁸⁹	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Lesica, 2023³⁹⁰	High risk	Unclear risk	High risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Levy, 2017³⁹¹	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Li, 2005³⁹⁵	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Li, 2016³⁹³	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Li, 2018³⁹⁴	Unclear risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Liechti, 2013³⁹⁷	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Lin, 2022⁴⁰²	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Lin, 2023⁴⁰⁰	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Low risk
Lin, 2023⁴⁰¹	High risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Lindhiem, 2022⁴⁰³	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Liu, 2022⁴⁰⁴	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Longridge, 2019⁴⁰⁵	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	High risk
Luo, 2022⁴⁰⁸	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Luo, 2022⁴⁰⁷	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Marcano, 2018⁴¹²	High risk	Unclear risk	High risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Markovska-Simoska, 2017⁴¹³	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Martín-Brufau, 2017⁴¹⁵	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Martin-Martinez, 2012⁴¹⁶	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Matier-Sharma, 1995⁴¹⁷	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Maya-Piedrahita, 2022⁴²⁰	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Mayes, 2002⁴²¹	Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Mayes, 2004⁴²²	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Mayfield, 2018⁴²³	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
McCarthy, 2016⁴²⁴	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
McIntosh, 1995⁴²⁷	Unclear risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Merzon, 2022⁴²⁹	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Mikolas, 2022⁴³⁴	Unclear risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Mitchell, 1990⁴³⁶	Unclear risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Miyahara, 2014⁴³⁷	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Moghaddari, 2020⁴³⁸	Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Moura, 2017⁴⁴⁶	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Moura, 2019⁴⁴⁵	Low risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Mouti, 2019⁴⁴⁷	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Mulhern, 1994⁴⁴⁸	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Muthuraman, 2019⁴⁴⁹	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Mwamba, 2019⁴⁵⁰	High risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Newman, 2017⁴⁶²	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Nolan,1999⁴⁶³	Low risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Ogrim, 2012⁴⁶⁵	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
O’Neill, 2021⁴⁶⁴	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Oztekin, 2021⁴⁶⁷	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Oztoprak, 2017⁴⁶⁸	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Park, 2019⁴⁶⁹	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Parker, 2016¹⁸	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Peijnenborgh, 2016⁴⁷⁰	Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Low risk
Pereda, 2018⁴⁷³	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Perugini, 2000⁴⁷⁵	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Pineda, 2011⁴⁷⁷	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Power, 1998⁴⁷⁹	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Preston, 2005⁴⁸²	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Qin , 2018⁴⁸⁶	High risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Quintana, 2007⁴⁸⁷	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Raiker, 2017⁴⁹¹	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Reddy, 2021⁴⁹³	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Rezaeezadeh, 2020⁴⁹⁴	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Riaz, 2020⁴⁹⁵	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Rielly, 1999⁴⁹⁶	Low risk	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Rishel, 2005⁴⁹⁸	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Robles, 2021⁴⁹⁹	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Rodríguez, 2018⁵⁰⁰	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Roessner, 2007⁵⁰¹	Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk
Rogers, 2022⁵⁰²	Low risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Rucklidge, 2002⁵⁰⁶	Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Satin, 1985⁵¹⁴	Unclear risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Schatz, 2001⁵¹⁵	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Scheeringa, 2020⁵¹⁶	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Schirmer, 2021⁵¹⁸	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Schneider, 2020⁵¹⁹	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Serrallach, 2016⁵²⁴	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Shemmassian, 2016⁵²⁷	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Shemmassian, 2017⁵²⁸	Unclear risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Silverstein, 2016⁵³⁶	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Simões, 2021⁵³⁷	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Skogli, 2013⁵⁴¹	High risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Slaby, 2022⁵⁴²	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Slobodin, 2020⁵⁴³	High risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Smith, 2000⁵⁴⁷	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Smith, 2003⁵⁴⁶	High risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Snyder, 2008⁵⁴⁸	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Snyder, 2015²⁷	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Low risk
Soliva, 2010⁵⁴⁹	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Spencer, 2018⁵⁵³	Low risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Sprafkin, 2002⁵⁵⁹	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Sprafkin, 2007⁵⁵⁸	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Stepanova, 2021⁵⁶³	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Stevanovic, 2023⁵⁶⁴	Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Straub, 2021⁵⁶⁶	High risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Sullivan, 2007⁵⁷⁰	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Sun, 2018⁵⁷¹	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Tallberg, 2019⁵⁷⁶	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	N/A
Tang, 2022⁵⁸¹	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Tang, 2023⁵⁸⁰	High risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Ter-Minassian, 2022⁵⁸²	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Tian, 2022⁵⁸³	Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Low risk
Tillman, 2005⁵⁸⁴	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Tripp, 2006⁵⁸⁷	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Uyulan, 2023⁵⁹¹	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Vahid, 2019⁵⁹²	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Varela Casal, 2019⁵⁹⁹	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Vogt, 2011⁶⁰⁰	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Wang, 2018⁶⁰³	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Wassenberg, 2004⁶⁰⁵	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Webster, 2000⁶⁰⁷	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Westerberg, 2004⁶¹⁴	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Weyandt, 1994⁶¹⁵	Unclear risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Williams, 2010²¹	Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Wodka, 2008⁶²⁵	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Wood, 2009⁶²⁷	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Yao, 2018⁶³⁰	High risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Yasumura, 2020⁶³¹	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Yeh, 2020⁶³²	High risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Yoo, 2020⁶³³	Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Zadehbagheri, 2019⁶³⁵	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Zelko, 1991⁶³⁸	Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Zelnik, 2012⁶³⁹	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Zhou, 2018⁶⁴²	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Zhou, 2022⁶⁴¹	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk
Zhu, 2022⁶⁴⁴	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Zulueta, 2019⁶⁴⁷	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Moderate risk

Table D.2Applicability for included studies, KQ1

Author, year	Population	Intervention	Comparator	Outcome	Setting
Abramov, 2019¹¹¹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A
Adams, 2009¹¹²	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ahmadi, 2021¹¹⁵	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Algorta, 2016¹¹⁷	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Alloway, 2009¹¹⁹	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Altınkaynak, 2020¹²⁰	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Amado-Caballero, 2020¹²¹	Unclear	N/A	N/A	Unclear	Unclear
Arjona, 2023¹²⁴	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Bansal, 2012²⁸	Unclear	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Bard, 2013¹³⁴	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Barkley, 1994¹³⁵	Unclear	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A
Berger, 2010¹⁴¹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Berger, 2017¹⁴⁰	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	Comparator unclear	N/A	N/A
Bergeron, 2017¹⁴²	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Beriha, 2018¹⁴³	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	Unclear
Bledsoe, 2020¹⁵²	Narrow eligibility criteria	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A
Bloch, 2012¹⁵³	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Boroujeni, 2019¹⁵⁷	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Boucugnani, 1989¹⁵⁹	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	Unclear
Breaux, 2016¹⁶²	Narrow eligibility criteria	As recommended or commonly used in practice	Diagnostic tools used differently than as recommended or commonly used in practice	Other issues	N/A
Bunte, 2013¹⁶⁷	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Burton, 2019¹⁶⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Bussing, 1998¹⁶⁹	More complex patients than typical of the community	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A
Canivez, 2016¹⁷⁰	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Catherine Joy, 2021¹⁷²	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Caudal, 2011²⁶⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Chan, 2022¹⁷⁷	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Chang, 2019¹⁷⁹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Chang, 2022¹⁸²	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Chang, 2023¹⁸¹	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Charach, 2009¹⁸³	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Chelune, 1986¹⁸⁴	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Chen, 1994¹⁹⁰	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Chen, 2019¹⁸⁷	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Chen, 2019¹⁸⁸	N/A	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	N/A	Unclear	N/A
Chen, 2020¹⁹¹	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Chen, 2021¹⁸⁹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	Unclear
Chen, 2022¹⁸⁵	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Chen, 2023¹⁸⁶	Unclear	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A
Chiarenza, 2018¹⁹²	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Chow, 2019¹⁹⁷	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Chu, 2017¹⁹⁸	Unclear	Unclear	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Cree, 2023²¹⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Crippa, 2017²¹¹	Unclear	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Culbertson, 1998²¹³	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Das, 2021²¹⁴	Unclear	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A
Deb, 2008²¹⁸	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Deserno, 2022²²³	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	Unclear
Doyle, 1997²³⁰	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Doyle, 2007²³¹	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Duda, 2016²³⁴	More complex patients than typical of the community	Unclear	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Duda, 2017²³³	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	Diagnostic tools used differently than as recommended or commonly used in practice	N/A	Unclear
DuPaul, 1992²³⁷	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Ebesutani, 2010²⁴¹	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Edwards, 2015²⁴²	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Eiraldi, 2000²⁴⁴	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Ekhlasi, 2022²⁴⁵	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Elkins, 2014²⁵¹	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
El-Sayed, 1999²⁴⁶	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Emser, 2018²⁵³	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Faraone, 2016²⁶³	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Ferrin, 2012²⁶⁷	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Forbes, 1998²⁷⁶	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	Unclear	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Francois-Sevigny, 2022²⁷⁷	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Gao, 2020²⁸²	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Garcia-Argibay, 2022²⁸³	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Garcia-Sanchez, 1997²⁸⁴	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Gardner, 2007²⁸⁵	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Gargaro, 2014²⁸⁷	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Unclear
Geurts, 2004²⁹³	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Gibbons, 2020²⁹⁷	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Gilbert, 2016²⁹⁸	Narrow eligibility criteria	Unclear	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Goh, 2023²⁹⁹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Gomez, 2018³⁰⁰	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A
Gomez, 2021³⁰¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Grazioli, 2023³⁰³	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Grodzinsky, 1992³⁰⁷	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Gungor, 2021³⁰⁹	Narrow eligibility criteria	Unclear	N/A	N/A	Unclear
Guttentag, 2022³¹¹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Hager, 2021³¹²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Hall, 2016³¹⁵	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Hall, 2020³¹⁴	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	Unclear	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Hamadache, 2021³¹⁶	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Hasaneen, 2017³¹⁹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Helgadottir, 2015³²²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Heller, 2013³²³	More complex patients than typical of the community	Unclear	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Hinshaw, 2002³²⁷	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Hong, 2019³³¹	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	Inadequate comparison therapy or use of a substandard alternative therapy	N/A	N/A
Hudziak, 2004³³⁶	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Hult, 2018²⁴	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Ickowicz, 2006³³⁸	Unclear	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Jacobson, 2020³³⁹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Jahanshahloo, 2017³⁴⁰	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	Unclear
Jarrett, 2018³⁴²	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Jensen-Doss, 2013³⁴⁴	DSM-4/5 diagnosis unclear	N/A	Unclear	Unclear	N/A
Jimenez-Figueroa, 2017³⁴⁶	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Johansson, 2021³⁴⁷	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Johnstone, 2021³⁵¹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Juneja, 2019³⁵²	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kam, 2010³⁵⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	Unclear	N/A
Karabiber Cura, 2023³⁵⁶	Unclear	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A
Karr, 2021³⁵⁹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Unclear
Kennerley, 2018³⁶²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kim, 2015³⁶⁶	Narrow eligibility criteria	Unclear	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Kim, 2015³⁶⁵	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Koh, 2021³⁶⁹	More complex patients than typical of the community	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	N/A	N/A	N/A
Koh, 2022³⁷⁰	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Krieger, 2021³⁷⁹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Kurokami, 2022³⁸²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Lau, 2018³⁸⁵	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Lee, 2022³⁸⁸	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Lefler, 2012³⁸⁹	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Lesica, 2023³⁹⁰	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Levy, 2017³⁹¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Li, 2005³⁹⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Li, 2016³⁹³	Narrow eligibility criteria	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	N/A	N/A	N/A
Li, 2018³⁹⁴	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Liechti, 2013³⁹⁷	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Lin, 2022⁴⁰²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Lin, 2023⁴⁰⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Lin, 2023⁴⁰¹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Lindhiem, 2022⁴⁰³	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Liu, 2022⁴⁰⁴	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Longridge, 2019⁴⁰⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Luo, 2022⁴⁰⁸	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Luo, 2022⁴⁰⁷	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Marcano, 2018⁴¹²	Narrow eligibility criteria	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	Unclear	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Markovska-Simoska, 2017⁴¹³	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Martín-Brufau, 2017⁴¹⁵	Unclear	N/A	Unclear	Other issues	N/A
Martin-Martinez, 2012⁴¹⁶	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Matier-Sharma, 1995⁴¹⁷	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Maya-Piedrahita, 2022⁴²⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mayes, 2002⁴²¹	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Mayes, 2004⁴²²	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mayfield, 2018⁴²³	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
McCarthy, 2016⁴²⁴	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
McIntosh, 1995⁴²⁷	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Merzon, 2022⁴²⁹	N/A	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A
Mikolas, 2022⁴³⁴	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mitchell, 1990⁴³⁶	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Miyahara, 2014⁴³⁷	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Moghaddari, 2020⁴³⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Moura, 2017⁴⁴⁶	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Moura, 2019⁴⁴⁵	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mouti, 2019⁴⁴⁷	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mulhern, 1994⁴⁴⁸	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Muthuraman, 2019⁴⁴⁹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mwamba, 2019⁴⁵⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Newman, 2017⁴⁶²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Nolan,1999⁴⁶³	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Ogrim, 2012⁴⁶⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
O’Neill, 2021⁴⁶⁴	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Oztekin, 2021⁴⁶⁷	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Oztoprak, 2017⁴⁶⁸	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Park, 2019⁴⁶⁹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Parker, 2016¹⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Peijnenborgh, 2016⁴⁷⁰	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Pereda, 2018⁴⁷³	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Perugini, 2000⁴⁷⁵	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Pineda, 2011⁴⁷⁷	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Power, 1998⁴⁷⁹	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Preston, 2005⁴⁸²	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Qin , 2018⁴⁸⁶	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Quintana, 2007⁴⁸⁷	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Raiker, 2017⁴⁹¹	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Reddy, 2021⁴⁹³	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Rezaeezadeh, 2020⁴⁹⁴	Unclear	N/A	Comparator unclear	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Riaz, 2020⁴⁹⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Rielly, 1999⁴⁹⁶	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	Unclear	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Rishel, 2005⁴⁹⁸	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Robles, 2021⁴⁹⁹	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	Unclear	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Rodríguez, 2018⁵⁰⁰	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Roessner, 2007⁵⁰¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Rogers, 2022⁵⁰²	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Rucklidge, 2002⁵⁰⁶	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Satin, 1985⁵¹⁴	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Schatz, 2001⁵¹⁵	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Scheeringa, 2020⁵¹⁶	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Schirmer, 2021⁵¹⁸	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Schneider, 2020⁵¹⁹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Serrallach, 2016⁵²⁴	More complex patients than typical of the community	Unclear	Unclear	N/A	N/A
Shemmassian, 2016⁵²⁷	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Shemmassian, 2017⁵²⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Silverstein, 2016⁵³⁶	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Simões, 2021⁵³⁷	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Skogli, 2013⁵⁴¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Slaby, 2022⁵⁴²	Unclear	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A
Slobodin, 2020⁵⁴³	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Smith, 2000⁵⁴⁷	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Smith, 2003⁵⁴⁶	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Snyder, 2008⁵⁴⁸	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Snyder, 2015²⁷	N/A	N/A	Diagnostic tools used differently than as recommended or commonly used in practice	N/A	N/A
Soliva, 2010⁵⁴⁹	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Spencer, 2018⁵⁵³	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Sprafkin, 2002⁵⁵⁹	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Sprafkin, 2007⁵⁵⁸	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Stepanova, 2021⁵⁶³	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Stevanovic, 2023⁵⁶⁴	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A
Straub, 2021⁵⁶⁶	More complex patients than typical of the community	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Sullivan, 2007⁵⁷⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Sun, 2018⁵⁷¹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Tallberg, 2019⁵⁷⁶	N/A	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	N/A	N/A	N/A
Tang, 2022⁵⁸¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Tang, 2023⁵⁸⁰	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Ter-Minassian, 2022⁵⁸²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Tian, 2022⁵⁸³	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Tillman, 2005⁵⁸⁴	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Tripp, 2006⁵⁸⁷	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Unclear
Uyulan, 2023⁵⁹¹	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Vahid, 2019⁵⁹²	N/A	N/A	N/A	Unclear	N/A
Varela Casal, 2019⁵⁹⁹	N/A	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Vogt, 2011⁶⁰⁰	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Wang, 2018⁶⁰³	Narrow eligibility criteria	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Wassenberg, 2004⁶⁰⁵	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Webster, 2000⁶⁰⁷	DSM-4/5 diagnosis unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Westerberg, 2004⁶¹⁴	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Weyandt, 1994⁶¹⁵	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Williams, 2010²¹	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A
Wodka, 2008⁶²⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Wood, 2009⁶²⁷	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Yao, 2018⁶³⁰	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Yasumura, 2020⁶³¹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Yeh, 2020⁶³²	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Yoo, 2020⁶³³	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Zadehbagheri, 2019⁶³⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Zelko, 1991⁶³⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Zelnik, 2012⁶³⁹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Zhou, 2018⁶⁴²	N/A	N/A	Comparator unclear	N/A	N/A
Zhou, 2022⁶⁴¹	Unclear	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	N/A	N/A	N/A
Zhu, 2022⁶⁴⁴	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Zulueta, 2019⁶⁴⁷	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

Table D.3Critical appraisal for included studies, KQ2

Author, Year	Selection Bias	Performance Bias	Attrition Bias	Detection Bias	Reporting Bias	Other Source of Bias	Overall RoB
Abbasi, 2011¹⁰⁴	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Abikoff, 2004¹⁰⁷	Low risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Abikoff, 2007¹⁰⁹	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Abikoff, 2009¹⁰⁸	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk
Abikoff, 2013¹⁰⁶	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Abikoff, 2015¹¹⁰	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Aevi Genomic Medicine, 2016¹¹³	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Aevi Genomic Medicine, 2018¹¹⁴	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Akhondzadeh, 2004¹¹⁶	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Allen, 2005¹¹⁸	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Amiri, 2008¹²²	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Antshel, 2003¹²³	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk
Arnold, 2022¹²⁶	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Arnold, 2007¹²⁵	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate risk
Ashkenasi, 2011¹²⁷	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Aviv, 2021¹²⁸	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	High risk
Azami, 2023¹²⁹	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Bakhshayesh, 2011¹³⁰	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Banaschewski, 2013¹³¹	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Bangs, 2007¹³²	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Bangs, 2008¹³³	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Baziar, 2019¹³⁶	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk	High risk
Bedard, 2015¹³⁷	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Behdani, 2013¹³⁸	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Benzing, 2019¹³⁹	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Biederman, 2005¹⁴⁷	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Biederman, 2006¹⁴⁶	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Biederman, 2007¹⁴⁴	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk
Biederman, 2008¹⁴⁵	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Bigorra, 2016¹⁴⁸	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Bikic, 2018⁵⁶	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Bilici, 2004¹⁴⁹	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Binesh, 2020¹⁵⁰	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Blader, 2021¹⁵¹	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Block, 2009¹⁵⁴	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Blumer, 2009¹⁵⁵	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Bluschke, 2022¹⁵⁶	High risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk
Bostic, 2000¹⁵⁸	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Boyer, 2016¹⁶⁰	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Brams, 2018¹⁶¹	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk
Breaux, 2018¹⁶³	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Buitelaar, 1996¹⁶⁵	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Buitelaar, 2007¹⁶⁴	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Bul, 2016¹⁶⁶	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Carucci, 2022¹⁷¹	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Ceresoli-Borroni, 2021¹⁷⁴	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate risk
Cetin, 2015¹⁷⁵	High risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	High risk
Chacko, 2009¹⁷⁶	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Chang, 2019¹⁷⁸	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Chang, 2022¹⁸⁰	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Childress, 2009¹⁹⁵	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Childress, 2022¹⁹⁴	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk
Cho, 2011¹⁹⁶	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Chu, 2021¹⁹⁹	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Churchill, 2018²⁰⁰	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk
Coelho, 2017²⁰¹	High risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Coghill, 2014²⁰²	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Coles, 2020²⁰⁴	High risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk
Concordia Pharm., 2011²⁰⁵	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk	High risk
Conners, 1996²⁰⁶	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Connor, 2010²⁰⁷	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Corkum, 2019²⁰⁸	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Cornu, 2018²⁰⁹	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate risk
Crippa, 2019²¹²	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Dashbozorgi, 2021²¹⁵	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
David, 2021²¹⁶	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Daviss, 2008²¹⁷	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Dehbozorghi, 2019²¹⁹	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Dell’Agnello, 2009²²⁰	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Denton, 2020²²¹	High risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Dentz, 2020²²²	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Diamond, 1999²²⁴	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk
Dittmann, 2011²²⁶	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Dittmann, 2013²²⁵	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Dong, 2022²²⁷	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Dose, 2017²²⁸	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Dovis, 2015²²⁹	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Dreakhshanpour, 2022²³²	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Duke University, 2009²³⁵	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Duke University, 2009b²³⁶	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
DuPaul, 2021²³⁸	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Durgut, 2020²³⁹	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Duric, 2017²⁴⁰	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Egeland, 2013²⁴³	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Eli Lilly, 2004²⁴⁷	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk
Eli Lilly, 2006²⁴⁸	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Eli Lilly²⁴⁹	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Elmaadawi, 2022²⁵²	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Enns, 2017²⁵⁴	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Epstein, 2007²⁵⁶	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Epstein, 2016²⁵⁵	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate risk
Ercan, 2014²⁵⁷	High risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Estrada-Plana, 2019²⁵⁸	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Evans, 2016²⁵⁹	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Fabiano, 2016²⁶¹	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk
Fallah, 2018²⁶²	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Farmer, 2017²⁶⁴	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Ferrin, 2014²⁶⁵	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Ferrin, 2020²⁶⁶	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Findling, 2001²⁷¹	High risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Findling, 2008²⁷³	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Findling, 2010²⁷²	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Findling, 2011²⁷⁰	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Findling, 2019²⁶⁹	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Florida International University, 2015²⁷⁵	High risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Frei, 2001²⁷⁹	High risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	High risk
Frei, 2005²⁷⁸	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk	High risk
Fuchs, 2003²⁸⁰	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Fuentes, 2013²⁸¹	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk
Gard, 2014²⁸⁶	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Gau, 2006²⁸⁹	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Gau, 2007²⁸⁸	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Geissler, 2020²⁹⁰	Low risk	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Gelade, 2017²⁹¹	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Geller, 2007²⁹²	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk	Moderate risk
Gevensleben, 2010²⁹⁴	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Ghajar, 2018²⁹⁵	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk
Ghanizadeh, 2015²⁹⁶	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Gonzalez-Castro, 2016³⁰²	High risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk
Greenhill, 2006³⁰⁵	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Greenhill, 2006³⁰⁴	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Griffiths, 2018³⁰⁶	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Guevara, 2021³⁰⁸	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate risk
Gustafsson, 2010³¹⁰	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk
Hahn-Markowitz, 2020³¹³	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk
Harfterkamp, 2012³¹⁷	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Hariri, 2012³¹⁸	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Hasslinger, 2021³²⁰	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Hazell, 2003³²¹	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Hemamy, 2021³²⁴	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Herbert, 2013³²⁵	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Hervas, 2014³²⁶	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Hirayama, 2014³²⁸	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk
Hiscock, 2019³²⁹	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Hogue, 2020³³⁰	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	High risk
Hong, 2016³³²	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk
Hosainzadeh Maleki, 2014³³³	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Huang, 2015³³⁵	High risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Huang, 2021³³⁴	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Ichikawa, 2020³³⁷	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Jain, 2011³⁴¹	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Jensen, 2007³⁴³	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Ji, 2023³⁴⁵	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Johnson, 2009³⁴⁹	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Johnson, 2020³⁴⁸	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Johnstone, 2022³⁵⁰	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk
Kadri, 2019³⁵³	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Kahbazi, 2009³⁵⁴	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Karakaya, 2019³⁵⁷	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk
Kareem, 2021³⁵⁸	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	High risk
Katz, 2010³⁶⁰	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Kelsey, 2004³⁶¹	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Khaksarian, 2021³⁶³	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Khoshbakht, 2021³⁶⁴	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Kim, 2022³⁶⁷	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk
Kofler, 2020³⁶⁸	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Kolko, 2020³⁷¹	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Kollins, 2011³⁷⁴	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Kollins, 2011³⁷³	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk
Kollins, 2020³⁷²	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Korfmacher, 2022³⁷⁵	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Kratochvil, 2002³⁷⁶	High risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Kratochvil, 2005³⁷⁷	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Kratochvil, 2011³⁷⁸	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Kurowski, 2019³⁸³	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Lange, 2018³⁸⁴	Low risk	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk
Lavigne, 2011³⁸⁶	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Law, 1999³⁸⁷	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Li, 2022³⁹²	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Liang, 2022³⁹⁶	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Lilly, 2008²⁵⁰	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Lim, 2019³⁹⁸	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Lin, 2014³⁹⁹	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Ludyga, 2022⁴⁰⁶	Low risk	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Luo, 2022⁴⁰⁹	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Lv, 2023⁴¹⁰	Low risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk
Manor, 2012⁴¹¹	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Martenyi, 2010⁴¹⁴	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk
Matthijssen, 2019⁴¹⁸	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Mattingly, 2020⁴¹⁹	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate risk
McCracken, 2016⁴²⁵	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
McGrath, 2011⁴²⁶	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk
Mehri, 2020⁴²⁸	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk
Meyer, 2021⁴³⁰	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Michelson, 2001⁴³²	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate risk
Michelson, 2002⁴³¹	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Mikami, 2013⁴³³	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Minder, 2018⁴³⁵	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk
Mohammadi, 2010⁴³⁹	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk
Mohammadi, 2012⁴⁴⁰	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Mohammadzadeh, 2019⁴⁴¹	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Montoya, 2009⁴⁴²	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Morell, 2019⁵⁰⁴	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Mostajeran, 2020⁴⁴³	Low risk	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Motaharifard, 2019⁴⁴⁴	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Mount Sinai, 2012⁵³⁹	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Myers, 2015⁴⁵¹	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Nasser, 2020⁴⁵³	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk
Nasser, 2021⁴⁵⁴	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Nasser, 2021⁴⁵⁵	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Nasser, 2021⁴⁵²	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Nejati, 2021⁴⁵⁶	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Nejati, 2022⁴⁵⁷	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Newcorn, 2005⁴⁶¹	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Newcorn, 2008⁴⁶⁰	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Newcorn, 2016⁴⁵⁹	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
NF Coll. Group, 2021⁴⁵⁸	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Oppenheimer, 2019⁴⁶⁶	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Pelham, 2016⁴⁷¹	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Pelsser, 2011⁴⁷²	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk
Perez-Alvarez, 2009⁴⁷⁴	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	High risk
Pfiffner, 2014⁴⁷⁶	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Pongpitakdamrong, 2021⁴⁷⁸	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Power, 2012⁴⁸⁰	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Prasad, 2007⁴⁸¹	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Purper-Ouakil, 2021⁴⁸³	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk
Qian, 2018⁴⁸⁴	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Qian, 2021⁴⁸⁵	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk
Rafeiy-Torghabeh, 2021⁴⁸⁸	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate risk
Raghuveer, 2020⁴⁸⁹	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Rahmani, 2022⁴⁹⁰	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Rajabi, 2020⁴⁹²	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Riggs, 2011⁴⁹⁷	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Rothe, 2023⁵⁰³	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk
Rucklidge, 2018⁵⁰⁵	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Saito, 2020⁵⁰⁷	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Salardini, 2016⁵⁰⁸	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk	High risk
Salehi, 2010⁵⁰⁹	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Salehi, 2016⁵¹⁰	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk	High risk
Sallee, 2009⁵¹¹	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Sangal, 2006⁵¹²	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Sangal, 2014⁵¹³	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Schertz, 2022⁵¹⁷	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Schorr-Sapir, 2021⁵²⁰	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Schramm, 2016⁵²¹	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate risk
Schuck, 2018⁵²²	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Sciberras, 2020⁵²³	Low risk	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Seattle Children’s Hospital, 2015¹⁹³	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Shang, 2020⁵²⁵	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Shaywitz, 2017⁵²⁶	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk
Shen, 2021⁵²⁹	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Shuai, 2020⁵³⁰	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk
Sibley, 2016⁵³³	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Sibley, 2018⁵³¹	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Sibley, 2020⁵³⁴	Low risk	Moderate /Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Sibley, 2021⁵³²	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Siebelink, 2021⁵³⁵	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Simonoff, 2013⁵³⁸	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Singer, 1995⁵⁴⁰	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Smit, 2021⁵⁴⁴	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Sonuga-Barke, 2001⁵⁵⁰	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Sonuga-Barke, 2004⁵⁵¹	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk
Sonuga-Barke, 2018⁵⁵²	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Spencer, 2002⁵⁵⁴	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Spencer, 2002⁵⁵⁵	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Spencer, 2006⁵⁵⁷	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk
Spencer, 2008⁵⁵⁶	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Sprich, 2016⁵⁶⁰	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk
Steele, 2006⁵⁶¹	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Steiner, 2014⁵⁶²	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Storebo, 2012⁵⁶⁵	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Strehl, 2017⁵⁶⁷	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Su, 2016⁵⁶⁸	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Sugaya 2022⁵⁶⁹	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Supernus Pharmaceuticals, 2016⁵⁷²	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk
Svanborg, 2009⁵⁷³	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Swanson, 2006⁵⁷⁴	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate risk
Takahashi, 2009⁵⁷⁵	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk
Tamm, 2013⁵⁷⁸	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Tamm, 2017⁵⁷⁷	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Tan, 2016⁵⁷⁹	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Tiwawatpakorn, 2021⁵⁸⁵	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Trebaticka, 2006⁵⁸⁶	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Tris Pharma, 2014⁵⁸⁸	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
TS Study Group, 2002³⁸⁰	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
TS Study Group, 2002b³⁸¹	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Tutty, 2003⁵⁸⁹	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Tzang, 2016⁵⁹⁰	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk
Vaidyanathan, 2023⁵⁹³	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Valero, 2021⁵⁹⁴	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
van der Donk, 2015⁵⁹⁵	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Van der Heijden, 2007⁵⁹⁶	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk
van der Oord, 2007⁵⁹⁷	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
van Stralen, 2020⁵⁹⁸	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Voigt, 2001⁶⁰¹	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Volpe, 2009⁶⁰²	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Wang, 2007⁶⁰⁴	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Weber, 2008⁶⁰⁶	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Wehmeier, 2012⁶⁰⁸	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Weiss, 2005⁶¹¹	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk	High risk
Weiss, 2007⁶¹⁰	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Weiss, 2021⁶¹²	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk	High risk
Wennberg, 2018⁶¹³	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Wietecha, 2009⁶¹⁶	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk
Wigal, 2004⁶¹⁷	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk
Wigal, 2011⁶¹⁸	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate risk
Wilens, 2005⁶²¹	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Wilens, 2008⁶¹⁹	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk
Wilens, 2011¹⁰⁵	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate risk
Wilens, 2012⁶²²	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk
Wilens, 2015⁶²³	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Wilkes-Gillan, 2016⁶²⁴	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	High risk
Willens, 2011⁶²⁰	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk
Wolraich, 2001⁶²⁶	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Wu, 2023⁶²⁸	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	High risk
Young, 2014⁶³⁴	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Zarinara, 2010⁶³⁶	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Zavadenko, 2019⁶³⁷	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Zheng, 2020⁶⁴⁰	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk	Low risk	High risk
Zhu, 2017⁶⁴⁵	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk
Zhu, 2022⁶⁴³	Low risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Zhuo, 2022⁶⁴⁶	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk

Table D.4Applicability for included studies, KQ2

Author, Year	Population	Intervention	Comparator	Outcome	Setting
Abbasi, 2011¹⁰⁴	N/A	Co-intervention that are likely to modify the effectiveness of therapy	N/A	N/A	N/A
Abikoff, 2004¹⁰⁷	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Abikoff, 2007¹⁰⁹	Narrow eligibility criteria	Dosing not reflective of current practice	N/A	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Abikoff, 2009¹⁰⁸	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	Other issues	N/A
Abikoff, 2013¹⁰⁶	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Abikoff, 2015¹¹⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Aevi Genomic Medicine, 2016¹¹³	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Aevi Genomic Medicine, 2018¹¹⁴	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Akhondzadeh, 2004¹¹⁶	N/A	As recommended or commonly used in practice	N/A	N/A	N/A
Allen, 2005¹¹⁸	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Amiri, 2008¹²²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Antshel, 2003¹²³	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Arnold, 2022¹²⁶	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A
Arnold, 2007¹²⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ashkenasi, 2011¹²⁷	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Aviv, 2021¹²⁸	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Azami, 2023¹²⁹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Bakhshayesh, 2011¹³⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Banaschewski, 2013¹³¹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Bangs, 2007¹³²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Bangs, 2008¹³³	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Baziar, 2019¹³⁶	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Bedard, 2015¹³⁷	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Behdani, 2013¹³⁸	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Benzing, 2019¹³⁹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Biederman, 2005¹⁴⁷	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Biederman, 2006¹⁴⁶	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Biederman, 2007¹⁴⁴	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Biederman, 2008¹⁴⁵	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Bigorra, 2016¹⁴⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Bikic, 2018⁵⁶	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Bilici, 2004¹⁴⁹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Binesh, 2020¹⁵⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	Unclear	N/A
Blader, 2021¹⁵¹	Narrow eligibility criteria	Co-intervention that are likely to modify the effectiveness of therapy	Comparator unclear	Short-term follow-up	Unclear
Block, 2009¹⁵⁴	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Blumer, 2009¹⁵⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Bluschke, 2022¹⁵⁶	DSM-4/5 diagnosis unclear	Co-intervention that are likely to modify the effectiveness of therapy	Unclear	N/A	N/A
Bostic, 2000¹⁵⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Boyer, 2016¹⁶⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Brams, 2018¹⁶¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Breaux, 2018¹⁶³	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Buitelaar, 1996¹⁶⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Buitelaar, 2007¹⁶⁴	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Bul, 2016¹⁶⁶	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Unclear
Carucci, 2022¹⁷¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ceresoli-Borroni, 2021¹⁷⁴	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Cetin, 2015¹⁷⁵	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Chacko, 2009¹⁷⁶	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Chang, 2019¹⁷⁸	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Chang, 2022¹⁸⁰	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Childress, 2009¹⁹⁵	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Childress, 2022¹⁹⁴	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Cho, 2011¹⁹⁶	N/A	Unclear	N/A	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Chu, 2021¹⁹⁹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Churchill, 2018²⁰⁰	N/A	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	Comparator unclear	N/A	N/A
Coelho, 2017²⁰¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Coghill, 2014²⁰²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Coles, 2020²⁰⁴	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Concordia Pharm., 2011²⁰⁵	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A
Conners, 1996²⁰⁶	N/A	Unclear	N/A	Other issues	N/A
Connor, 2010²⁰⁷	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Corkum, 2019²⁰⁸	DSM-4/5 diagnosis unclear	Co-intervention that are likely to modify the effectiveness of therapy	Unclear	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Cornu, 2018²⁰⁹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Crippa, 2019²¹²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Dashbozorgi, 2021²¹⁵	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	Short-term follow-up	N/A
David, 2021²¹⁶	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Daviss, 2008²¹⁷	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Dehbozorghi, 2019²¹⁹	Narrow eligibility criteria	Co-intervention that are likely to modify the effectiveness of therapy	N/A	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Dell’Agnello, 2009²²⁰	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Denton, 2020²²¹	More complex patients than typical of the community	Co-intervention that are likely to modify the effectiveness of therapy	Unclear	Unclear	N/A
Dentz, 2020²²²	More complex patients than typical of the community	Co-intervention that are likely to modify the effectiveness of therapy	N/A	N/A	N/A
Diamond, 1999²²⁴	DSM-4/5 diagnosis unclear	As recommended or commonly used in practice	N/A	Other issues	N/A
Dittmann, 2011²²⁶	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Dittmann, 2013²²⁵	N/A	N/A	Comparator unclear	N/A	N/A
Dong, 2022²²⁷	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A
Dose, 2017²²⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Dovis, 2015²²⁹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Dreakhshanpour, 2022²³²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Duke University, 2009²³⁵	N/A	Dosing not reflective of current practice	N/A	Other issues	N/A
Duke University, 2009b²³⁶	N/A	Dosing not reflective of current practice	N/A	Other issues	N/A
DuPaul, 2021²³⁸	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Durgut, 2020²³⁹	N/A	Unclear	N/A	Unclear	N/A
Duric, 2017²⁴⁰	DSM-4/5 diagnosis unclear	Co-intervention that are likely to modify the effectiveness of therapy	N/A	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Egeland, 2013²⁴³	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Eli Lilly, 2004²⁴⁷	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Eli Lilly, 2006²⁴⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Eli Lilly²⁴⁹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Elmaadawi, 2022²⁵²	N/A	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	N/A	Other issues	N/A
Enns, 2017²⁵⁴	N/A	Unclear	Unclear	Other issues	N/A
Epstein, 2007²⁵⁶	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A
Epstein, 2016²⁵⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ercan, 2014²⁵⁷	More complex patients than typical of the community	Co-intervention that are likely to modify the effectiveness of therapy	N/A	N/A	N/A
Estrada-Plana, 2019²⁵⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	Short-term follow-up	Level of care different from that in the community
Evans, 2016²⁵⁹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Fabiano, 2016²⁶¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	Other issues	N/A
Fallah, 2018²⁶²	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	Unclear	N/A
Farmer, 2017²⁶⁴	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ferrin, 2014²⁶⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ferrin, 2020²⁶⁶	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Findling, 2001²⁷¹	N/A	Dosing not reflective of current practice	N/A	N/A	N/A
Findling, 2008²⁷³	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Findling, 2010²⁷²	Narrow eligibility criteria	As recommended or commonly used in practice	N/A	N/A	N/A
Findling, 2011²⁷⁰	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Findling, 2019²⁶⁹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Florida International University, 2015²⁷⁵	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	Other issues	N/A
Frei, 2001²⁷⁹	N/A	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	Inadequate comparison therapy or use of a substandard alternative therapy	Other issues	N/A
Frei, 2005²⁷⁸	Run-in period with high exclusion rate	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Fuchs, 2003²⁸⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Fuentes, 2013²⁸¹	N/A	Co-intervention that are likely to modify the effectiveness of therapy	N/A	N/A	N/A
Gard, 2014²⁸⁶	N/A	As recommended or commonly used in practice	N/A	N/A	N/A
Gau, 2006²⁸⁹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A
Gau, 2007²⁸⁸	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Geissler, 2020²⁹⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Gelade, 2017²⁹¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Geller, 2007²⁹²	N/A	N/A	N/A	Short-term follow-up	Level of care different from that in the community
Gevensleben, 2010²⁹⁴	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ghajar, 2018²⁹⁵	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Ghanizadeh, 2015²⁹⁶	N/A	Dosing not reflective of current practice	N/A	N/A	N/A
Gonzalez-Castro, 2016³⁰²	N/A	N/A	N/A	Other issues	N/A
Greenhill, 2006³⁰⁵	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Greenhill, 2006³⁰⁴	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Griffiths, 2018³⁰⁶	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Guevara, 2021³⁰⁸	DSM-4/5 diagnosis unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Gustafsson, 2010³¹⁰	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Hahn-Markowitz, 2020³¹³	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Harfterkamp, 2012³¹⁷	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Hariri, 2012³¹⁸	DSM-4/5 diagnosis unclear	Co-intervention that are likely to modify the effectiveness of therapy	N/A	Unclear	N/A
Hasslinger, 2021³²⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Hazell, 2003³²¹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Hemamy, 2021³²⁴	N/A	Dosing not reflective of current practice	N/A	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Herbert, 2013³²⁵	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	N/A	N/A
Hervas, 2014³²⁶	DSM-4/5 diagnosis unclear	Dosing not reflective of current practice	Inadequate comparison therapy or use of a substandard alternative therapy	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Hirayama, 2014³²⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Hiscock, 2019³²⁹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Hogue, 2020³³⁰	DSM-4/5 diagnosis unclear	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	N/A	Other issues	N/A
Hong, 2016³³²	N/A	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	N/A
Hosainzadeh Maleki, 2014³³³	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Huang, 2015³³⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Huang, 2021³³⁴	N/A	N/A	Comparator unclear	N/A	N/A
Ichikawa, 2020³³⁷	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Jain, 2011³⁴¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Jensen, 2007³⁴³	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ji, 2023³⁴⁵	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	Other issues	N/A
Johnson, 2009³⁴⁹	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Johnson, 2020³⁴⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Johnstone, 2022³⁵⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kadri, 2019³⁵³	DSM-4/5 diagnosis unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kahbazi, 2009³⁵⁴	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Karakaya, 2019³⁵⁷	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kareem, 2021³⁵⁸	DSM-4/5 diagnosis unclear	N/A	N/A	Other issues	N/A
Katz, 2010³⁶⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	Unclear	N/A
Kelsey, 2004³⁶¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Khaksarian, 2021³⁶³	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Khoshbakht, 2021³⁶⁴	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kim, 2022³⁶⁷	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	Comparator unclear	N/A	N/A
Kofler, 2020³⁶⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kolko, 2020³⁷¹	Unclear	N/A	Comparator unclear	N/A	N/A
Kollins, 2011³⁷⁴	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kollins, 2011³⁷³	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kollins, 2020³⁷²	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Korfmacher, 2022³⁷⁵	Narrow eligibility criteria	Co-intervention that are likely to modify the effectiveness of therapy	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kratochvil, 2002³⁷⁶	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kratochvil, 2005³⁷⁷	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kratochvil, 2011³⁷⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kurowski, 2019³⁸³	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Lange, 2018³⁸⁴	Narrow eligibility criteria	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	Inadequate comparison therapy or use of a substandard alternative therapy	Short-term follow-up	Unclear
Lavigne, 2011³⁸⁶	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Law, 1999³⁸⁷	Unclear	As recommended or commonly used in practice	N/A	Other issues	N/A
Li, 2022³⁹²	Narrow eligibility criteria	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A
Liang, 2022³⁹⁶	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Lilly, 2008²⁵⁰	N/A	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A
Lim, 2019³⁹⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Lin, 2014³⁹⁹	N/A	N/A	N/A	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Ludyga, 2022⁴⁰⁶	N/A	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	N/A	Other issues	N/A
Luo, 2022⁴⁰⁹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Lv, 2023⁴¹⁰	Narrow eligibility criteria	Co-intervention that are likely to modify the effectiveness of therapy	Comparator unclear	N/A	N/A
Manor, 2012⁴¹¹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	Unclear	N/A
Martenyi, 2010⁴¹⁴	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Matthijssen, 2019⁴¹⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mattingly, 2020⁴¹⁹	N/A	N/A	N/A	Short-term follow-up	N/A
McCracken, 2016⁴²⁵	N/A	N/A	Comparator unclear	Short-term follow-up	N/A
McGrath, 2011⁴²⁶	N/A	N/A	N/A	Unclear	N/A
Mehri, 2020⁴²⁸	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	Unclear	N/A
Meyer, 2021⁴³⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Michelson, 2001⁴³²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Michelson, 2002⁴³¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mikami, 2013⁴³³	More complex patients than typical of the community	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	N/A	Other issues	N/A
Minder, 2018⁴³⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mohammadi, 2010⁴³⁹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mohammadi, 2012⁴⁴⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mohammadzadeh, 2019⁴⁴¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Montoya, 2009⁴⁴²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Morell, 2019⁵⁰⁴	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mostajeran, 2020⁴⁴³	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Motaharifard, 2019⁴⁴⁴	Narrow eligibility criteria	As recommended or commonly used in practice	Comparator unclear	Short-term follow-up	Unclear
Mount Sinai, 2012⁵³⁹	DSM-4/5 diagnosis unclear	N/A	N/A	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Myers, 2015⁴⁵¹	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Nasser, 2020⁴⁵³	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Nasser, 2021⁴⁵⁴	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Nasser, 2021⁴⁵⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Nasser, 2021⁴⁵²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Nejati, 2021⁴⁵⁶	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A
Nejati, 2022⁴⁵⁷	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Newcorn, 2005⁴⁶¹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Newcorn, 2008⁴⁶⁰	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Newcorn, 2016⁴⁵⁹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
NF Coll. Group, 2021⁴⁵⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Oppenheimer, 2019⁴⁶⁶	N/A	N/A	Comparator unclear	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Pelham, 2016⁴⁷¹	N/A	Co-intervention that are likely to modify the effectiveness of therapy	N/A	N/A	N/A
Pelsser, 2011⁴⁷²	Run-in period with high exclusion rate	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	N/A	N/A	N/A
Perez-Alvarez, 2009⁴⁷⁴	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	Other issues	N/A
Pfiffner, 2014⁴⁷⁶	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Pongpitakdamrong, 2021⁴⁷⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Power, 2012⁴⁸⁰	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Prasad, 2007⁴⁸¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Purper-Ouakil, 2021⁴⁸³	N/A	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	N/A	N/A	N/A
Qian, 2018⁴⁸⁴	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Qian, 2021⁴⁸⁵	Narrow eligibility criteria	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	Unclear	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Rafeiy-Torghabeh, 2021⁴⁸⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Unclear
Raghuveer, 2020⁴⁸⁹	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A
Rahmani, 2022⁴⁹⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Rajabi, 2020⁴⁹²	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Riggs, 2011⁴⁹⁷	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Rothe, 2023⁵⁰³	More complex patients than typical of the community	Co-intervention that are likely to modify monitoring strategies	N/A	Other issues	N/A
Rucklidge, 2018⁵⁰⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Saito, 2020⁵⁰⁷	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Salardini, 2016⁵⁰⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Salehi, 2010⁵⁰⁹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Salehi, 2016⁵¹⁰	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	Other issues	N/A
Sallee, 2009⁵¹¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Sangal, 2006⁵¹²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Sangal, 2014⁵¹³	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Schertz, 2022⁵¹⁷	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A
Schorr-Sapir, 2021⁵²⁰	N/A	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	N/A	N/A	N/A
Schramm, 2016⁵²¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Schuck, 2018⁵²²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Sciberras, 2020⁵²³	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Seattle Children’s Hospital, 2015¹⁹³	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Shang, 2020⁵²⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	Unclear	N/A
Shaywitz, 2017⁵²⁶	More complex patients than typical of the community	As recommended or commonly used in practice	N/A	N/A	Unclear
Shen, 2021⁵²⁹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Shuai, 2020⁵³⁰	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Sibley, 2016⁵³³	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Sibley, 2018⁵³¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Sibley, 2020⁵³⁴	N/A	N/A	Comparator unclear	N/A	N/A
Sibley, 2021⁵³²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Siebelink, 2021⁵³⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Simonoff, 2013⁵³⁸	DSM-4/5 diagnosis unclear	N/A	N/A	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Singer, 1995⁵⁴⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Smit, 2021⁵⁴⁴	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Sonuga-Barke, 2001⁵⁵⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Sonuga-Barke, 2004⁵⁵¹	DSM-4/5 diagnosis unclear	N/A	N/A	Unclear	N/A
Sonuga-Barke, 2018⁵⁵²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Spencer, 2002⁵⁵⁴	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Spencer, 2002⁵⁵⁵	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Spencer, 2006⁵⁵⁷	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Spencer, 2008⁵⁵⁶	N/A	N/A	Comparator unclear	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Sprich, 2016⁵⁶⁰	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Steele, 2006⁵⁶¹	Narrow eligibility criteria	As recommended or commonly used in practice	N/A	N/A	N/A
Steiner, 2014⁵⁶²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Storebo, 2012⁵⁶⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Strehl, 2017⁵⁶⁷	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Level of care different from that in the community
Su, 2016⁵⁶⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Sugaya 2022⁵⁶⁹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Supernus Pharmaceuticals, 2016⁵⁷²	More complex patients than typical of the community	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A
Svanborg, 2009⁵⁷³	N/A	N/A	Comparator unclear	N/A	N/A
Swanson, 2006⁵⁷⁴	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Takahashi, 2009⁵⁷⁵	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Tamm, 2013⁵⁷⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Tamm, 2017⁵⁷⁷	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Tan, 2016⁵⁷⁹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Tiwawatpakorn, 2021⁵⁸⁵	DSM-4/5 diagnosis unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Trebaticka, 2006⁵⁸⁶	Unclear	N/A	N/A	Other issues	N/A
Tris Pharma, 2014⁵⁸⁸	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear
TS Study Group, 2002³⁸⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
TS Study Group, 2002b³⁸¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Tutty, 2003⁵⁸⁹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Tzang, 2016⁵⁹⁰	Narrow eligibility criteria	As recommended or commonly used in practice	N/A	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Vaidyanathan, 2023⁵⁹³	N/A	Co-intervention that are likely to modify the effectiveness of therapy	N/A	N/A	N/A
Valero, 2021⁵⁹⁴	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
van der Donk, 2015⁵⁹⁵	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	Unclear
Van der Heijden, 2007⁵⁹⁶	More complex patients than typical of the community	As recommended or commonly used in practice	N/A	N/A	N/A
van der Oord, 2007⁵⁹⁷	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
van Stralen, 2020⁵⁹⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Voigt, 2001⁶⁰¹	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	Other issues	N/A
Volpe, 2009⁶⁰²	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	Unclear	N/A
Wang, 2007⁶⁰⁴	N/A	Dosing not reflective of current practice	N/A	N/A	N/A
Weber, 2008⁶⁰⁶	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Wehmeier, 2012⁶⁰⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Weiss, 2005⁶¹¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	Short-term follow-up	Unclear
Weiss, 2007⁶¹⁰	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Weiss, 2021⁶¹²	N/A	N/A	N/A	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Wennberg, 2018⁶¹³	Unclear	Highly selected intervention team or level of training/proficiency not widely available	N/A	N/A	Unclear
Wietecha, 2009⁶¹⁶	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	Unclear	N/A	N/A
Wigal, 2004⁶¹⁷	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Wigal, 2011⁶¹⁸	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Wilens, 2005⁶²¹	N/A	N/A	N/A	Short-term follow-up	N/A
Wilens, 2008⁶¹⁹	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Wilens, 2011¹⁰⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Unclear
Wilens, 2012⁶²²	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Wilens, 2015⁶²³	Narrow eligibility criteria	As recommended or commonly used in practice	N/A	N/A	N/A
Wilkes-Gillan, 2016⁶²⁴	More complex patients than typical of the community	N/A	N/A	Unclear	N/A
Willens, 2011⁶²⁰	Narrow eligibility criteria	As recommended or commonly used in practice	N/A	Unclear	Level of care different from that in the community
Wolraich, 2001⁶²⁶	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Wu, 2023⁶²⁸	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Young, 2014⁶³⁴	Narrow eligibility criteria	Dosing not reflective of current practice	Inadequate comparison therapy or use of a substandard alternative therapy	N/A	Unclear
Zarinara, 2010⁶³⁶	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Zavadenko, 2019⁶³⁷	N/A	N/A	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear
Zheng, 2020⁶⁴⁰	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Zhu, 2017⁶⁴⁵	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Unclear
Zhu, 2022⁶⁴³	Narrow eligibility criteria	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Zhuo, 2022⁶⁴⁶	Narrow eligibility criteria	Unclear	N/A	N/A	N/A

Table D.5Critical appraisal for included studies, KQ3

Author, Year	Selection Bias	Performance Bias	Attrition Bias	Detection Bias	Reporting Bias	Other Source of Bias	Overall RoB
Cedergren, 2021¹⁷³	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Cohen, 1989²⁰³	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Epstein, 2007²⁵⁶	Moderate /Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate risk
Epstein, 2016²⁵⁵	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate risk
Fiks, 2017²⁶⁸	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate risk
Florida International University, 2010²⁷⁴	High risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Oppenheimer, 2019⁴⁶⁶	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk
Smith, 2000⁵⁴⁵	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Weisman, 2018⁶⁰⁹	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate risk
Yang, 2012⁶²⁹	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	Moderate/Unclear risk	High risk	High risk

Bookshelf ID: NBK602988

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