OVERVIEW

PRODUCT INFORMATION

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE

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DRUG	CAS REGISTRY NUMBER	MOLECULAR FORMULA	STRUCTURE
Cidofovir	113852-37-2	C8-H14-N3-O6-P

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

References updated: 10 October 2017

• Núñez M. Herpesviridae treatment. Hepatic toxicity of antiviral agents. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 512-3. (Review of hepatotoxicity of antiviral agents mentions that ALT elevations, hepatic necrosis and jaundice were reported in clinical trials using cidofovir.

  ).
• Acosta EP, Flexner C. Antiviral agents(nonretroviral). In, Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 20136, pp. 1593-1622.

  (Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).
• Lea AP, Bryson HM. Cidofovir. Drugs 1996; 52: 225-30. [PubMed: 8841740]

  (Review of structure, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of cidofovir, a cytidine nucleotide analogue shown to be effective in treatment of CMV retinitis; no mention of liver toxicity).
• Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group in Collaboration with the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Parenteral cidofovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS: the HPMPC peripheral cytomegalovirus retinitis trial. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126: 264-74. [PubMed: 9036798]

  (Randomized controlled trial of low vs high dose cidofovir in 64 patients with small peripheral CMV retinitis and AIDS; complications included neutropenia and proteinuria; no mention of hepatotoxicity or ALT elevations).
• Lalezari JP, Stagg RJ, Kuppermann BD, Holland GN, Kramer F, Ives DV, Youle M, et al. Intravenous cidofovir for peripheral cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126: 257-63. [PubMed: 9036797]

  (Controlled trial of 4 weeks of cidofovir in 48 patients with CMV retinitis and HIV infection; neutropenia [15%] and proteinuria [12%] were the most significant adverse events; no mention of hepatotoxicity or ALT elevations).
• Jacobson MA. Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 105-15. [PubMed: 9211681]

  (Review of natural history, outcome and therapy of CMV retinitis focusing on ganciclovir, foscarnet and cidofovir; no mention of hepatotoxicity in discussion of side effects of the 3 drugs).
• Lalezari JP. Cidofovir: a new therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997; 14 (Suppl 1): S22-6. [PubMed: 9058614]

  (Review of safety and efficacy of cidofovir as therapy of CMV retinitis; no mention of hepatotoxicity).
• Lalezari JP, Holland GN, Kramer F, McKinley GF, Kemper CA, Ives DV, Nelson R, et al. Randomized, controlled study of the safety and efficacy of intravenous cidofovir for the treatment of relapsing cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998; 17: 339-44. [PubMed: 9525435]

  (Controlled trial of two doses of intravenous cidofovir every 1-2 weeks for up to 1 year; no mention of hepatotoxicity or ALT elevations).
• Plosker GL, Noble S. Cidofovir: a review of its use in cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Drugs 1999; 58: 325-45. [PubMed: 10473024]

  (Review of efficacy and safety of cidofovir for CMV retinitis in HIV-infected patients; nephrotoxicity is the major dose limiting adverse effect; no mention of hepatotoxicity or ALT elevations during therapy).
• Biron KK. Antiviral drugs for cytomegalovirus diseases. Antiviral Research 2006; 71: 154-63. [PubMed: 16765457]

  (Review of CMV infection and the drugs used to treat it, including cidofovir, ganciclovir, foscarnet and acyclovir, does not mention ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).
• Drugs for non-HIV viral infections. Treat Guidel Med Lett 2007; 5: 59-70. [PubMed: 17565338]

  (Review of status of non-antiretroviral antiviral agents for prevention and treatment of herpes, varicella-zoster, cytomegalovirus, influenza A and B, and hepatitis B and C; no mention of liver related side effects for cidofovir).
• Chalasani N, Fontana RJ, Bonkovsky HL, Watkins PB, Davern T, Serrano J, Yang H, Rochon J; Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN). Causes, clinical features, and outcomes from a prospective study of drug-induced liver injury in the United States. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 1924-34. [PMC free article: PMC3654244] [PubMed: 18955056]

  (Among 300 cases of drug induced liver disease in the US collected between 2004 and 2008, 8 were attributed to antiviral agents including one due to valacyclovir, but none were attributed to cidofovir).
• Caruso Brown AE, Cohen MN, Tong S, Braverman RS, Rooney JF, Giller R, Levin MJ. Pharmacokinetics and safety of intravenous cidofovir for life-threatening viral infections in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59: 3718-25. [PMC free article: PMC4468698] [PubMed: 25733509]

  (Among 12 children with various symptomatic and severe herpes or adenoviral infections after hematopoietic cell transplantation who were treated with a single dose of cidofovir, there were no instances of hepatotoxicity, but two children developed renal dysfunction).
• Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al.; United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: the DILIN prospective study. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 1340-52.e7. [PMC free article: PMC4446235] [PubMed: 25754159]

  (Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, 12 cases were attributed to antiviral agents, but none to cidofovir).