OVERVIEW

PRODUCT INFORMATION

REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES

Thiotepa – Generic, Thioplex®

DRUG CLASS

Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating Agents

COMPLETE LABELING

Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE

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DRUG	CAS REGISTRY NUMBER	MOLECULAR FORMULA	STRUCTURE
Thiotepa	52-24-4	C6-H12-N3-P-S

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

References updated: 12 September, 2020

• Zimmerman HJ. Oncotherapeutic and immunosuppressive agents. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 673-708.

  (Expert review of hepatotoxicity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents published in 1999; thiotepa has been implicated in at least one case of acute liver failure).
• DeLeve LD. Cancer chemotherapy. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 549-68.

  (Review of hepatotoxicity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents).
• Wellstein A, Giaccone G, Atkins MB, Sausville EA. Cytotoxic agents. In, Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2018, pp. 1167-201.

  (Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).
• Rollins BJ. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Am J Med. 1986;81:297–306. [PubMed: 3526887]

  (Review of the diagnosis, clinical course, histology and pathogenesis of veno-occlusive disease).
• Lazarus HM, Reed MD, Spitzer TR, Rabaa MS, Blumer JL. High-dose i.v. thiotepa and cryopreserved autologous bone marrow transplantation for therapy of refractory cancer. Cancer Treat Rep. 1987;71:689–95. [PubMed: 3111687]

  (Among 25 patients with refractory cancers treated with escalating doses of thiotepa followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation, toxicity was dose limiting and 2 had hepatotoxicity, one being fatal, but no details given).
• Jones RJ, Lee KS, Beschorner WE, Vogel VG, Grochow LB, Braine HG, Vogelsang GB, et al. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver following bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation. 1987;44:778–83. [PubMed: 3321587]

  (Among 235 patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation between 1982 and 1985, sinusoidal obstruction syndrome [SOS] developed in 52 [22%] of whom half died, making SOS the third most common cause of death in this population).
• Bearman SI. The syndrome of hepatic veno-occlusive disease after marrow transplantation. Blood. 1995;85:3005–20. [PubMed: 7756636]

  (Review of SOS after hematopoietic cell transplantation; usually presents with painful hepatomegaly, weight gain [fluid and ascites] and jaundice within 3 weeks of myeloablation with occlusion of central veins and sinusoids and extensive zone 3 [centrolobular] injury).
• Przepiorka D, Nath R, Ippoliti C, Mehra R, Hagemeister F, Diener K, Dimopoulos M, et al. A phase I-II study of high-dose thiotepa, busulfan and cyclophosphamide as a preparative regimen for autologous transplantation for malignant lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 1995;17:427–33. [PubMed: 7549833]

  (Among 34 patients with lymphoma treated with high dose thiotepa, busulfan and cyclophosphamide with autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation, liver toxicity was common at high doses, 3 developing "centrilobular necrosis" without SOS).
• Papadakis V, Dunkel IJ, Cramer LD, Kramer E, Papadopoulos E, Goldman S, Packer RJ, et al. High-dose carmustine, thiotepa and etoposide followed by autologous bone marrow rescue for the treatment of high risk central nervous system tumors. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000;26:153–60. [PubMed: 10918425]

  (Among 42 patients with brain tumors who were treated with high dose carmustine, thiotepa and etoposide and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation, 2 developed SOS and 5 had transient elevations in ALT levels).
• Lee JL, Gooley T, Bensinger W, Schiffman K, McDonald GB. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver after busulfan, melphalan, and thiotepa conditioning therapy: incidence, risk factors, and outcome. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 1999;5:306–15. [PubMed: 10534061]

  (Among 253 patients who received a regimen of busulfan, melphalan and thiotepa in preparation for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 70 [28%] developed SOS, which was severe in 11 and fatal in 9).
• DeLeve LD, Shulman HM, McDonald GB. Toxic injury to hepatic sinusoids: sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. Semin Liver Dis. 2002;22:27–42. [PubMed: 11928077]

  (Review of clinical features, pathology, etiology, prevention and treatment of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, a better term for this condition than veno-occlusive disease; first described in association with exposure to phytotoxins [pyrrolizidine alkaloids], the most common cause now is cancer chemotherapy and particularly myeloablative conditioning regimens in preparation for bone marrow transplantation).
• McDonald GB. Hepatobiliary complications of hematopoietic cell transplantation, 40 years on. Hepatology. 2010;51:1450–60. [PMC free article: PMC2914093] [PubMed: 20373370]

  (Review of liver complications of bone marrow [hematopoietic cell] transplantation, which have become less frequent with better understanding of their causes and means of prevention; the rate of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome has decreased because of avoidance of more aggressive ablative therapies [total body irradiation and high doses of cyclophosphamide] and better understanding of pharmacokinetics of the alkylating agents).
• Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al. United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. Gastroenterology. 2015;148:1340–52.e7. [PMC free article: PMC4446235] [PubMed: 25754159]

  (Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, 363 [36%] were attributed to antibiotics, but none were attributed to thiotepa).
• Ferreri AJ, Cwynarski K, Pulczynski E, Ponzoni M, Deckert M, Politi LS, Torri V, et al. International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group (IELSG). Chemoimmunotherapy with methotrexate, cytarabine, thiotepa, and rituximab (MATRix regimen) in patients with primary CNS lymphoma: results of the first randomisation of the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group-32 (IELSG32) phase 2 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2016;3:e217–27. [PubMed: 27132696]

  (Among 219 patients with primary CNS lymphoma treated with methotrexate and cytarabine alone, or combined with rituximab or with rituximab and thiotepa, remission rates and survival were greatest with thiotepa while rates of hepatoxicity were slightly less [35% vs 44%]).
• Maximova N, Sonzogni A, Matarazzo L, Ghirardi A, D'Antiga L. Vanishing bile ducts in the long term after pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2018;24:2250–8. [PubMed: 30026108]

  (Among 47 children undergoing 50 hematopoietic cell transplant [HCT] with various conditioning regimens including thiotepa [n=29], hepatic graft-vs-host disease arose in 12 [24%] overall and long term follow up with liver biopsies found bile duct loss [ductopenia] in 94% which was severe [less than 20% of portal areas with bile ducts] in 74%, slightly higher rates found in those who had received thiotepa).
• Sheth V, Nachmias B, Grisariu S, Avni B, Or R, Shapira M. Augmented myeloablative conditioning with thiotepa in acute myeloid leukemia – improved outcomes with similar toxicity. Leuk Lymphoma. 2019;60:726–33. [PubMed: 30277100]

  (Among 89 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia undergoing HCT using conditioning regimens with busulfan and fludarabine with or without thiotepa, use of thiotepa was associated with improved 5-year survival [62% vs 38%] and lower relapse rates [8% vs 31%], but similar rates of toxicity including sinusoidal obstruction syndrome [11% vs 18%]).
• Duque-Afonso J, Ihorst G, Waterhouse M, Zeiser R, Wäsch R, Bertz H, Yücel M, et al. Comparison of reduced-toxicity conditioning protocols using fludarabine, melphalan combined with thiotepa or carmustine in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2020 Jun 26;:1–11. Epub ahead of print. [PMC free article: PMC7319212] [PubMed: 32591641]

  (Among 241 patients undergoing HCT for malignant disease using reduced-toxicity conditioning regimens of fludarabine and melphalan with either carmustine [BCNU] or thiotepa, long term survival rates were similar in the two groups as were rates of liver toxicity during the first 30 days [51% vs 49%]).