| Elia et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: the clinical and physiological effects of fibre-containing enteral formulae. 2008. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 27[2], 120-145 | Population out of remit of guideline: healthy volunteers and hospitalised tube-fed patients |
| McEligot et al. High dietary fiber consumption is not associated with gastrointestinal discomfort in a diet intervention trial. 2002. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 102[4], 549-551 | Adult population |
| Elawad et al. Management of constipation in children with disabilities. 2001. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 43[12], 829-832United Kingdom. | Non systematic review paper. References checked |
| Mooren et al. The connection between dietary fibre intake and chronic constipation in children. 1996. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 140[41], 2036-2039 | Paper in Dutch |
| Moore et al. Effects of fructo-oligosaccharide-supplemented infant cereal: A double-blind, randomized trial. 2003. British Journal of Nutrition 90[3], 581-587United Kingdom. | Healthy children |
| Payler et al. The effect of wheat bran on intestinal transit. 1975. Gut 16[3], 209-213 | Healthy population (both children and adults) |
| Turunen et al. Lymphoid nodular hyperplasia and cow's milk hypersensitivity in children with chronic constipation. 2004. Journal of Pediatrics 145[5], 606-611 | Paper also excluded from the cow's milk review as excluding cow's milk was combined with laxative administration. Clinical outcomes poorly reported. Results mainly concerned with histological outcomes |
| Rubin et al. Chronic constipation in children. 2006. British Medical Journal 333[7577], 1051-1055United Kingdom. | Non systematic review paper |
| Williams. Importance of dietary fiber in childhood. 1995. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 95[10], 1140-1146United States. | Non systematic review paper. References checked |
| Ling et al. Dietary treatment of diarrhea and constipation in infants and children. 1978. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing 3[4], 17-28 | Non systematic review paper. References checked |
| Rubin. Constipation in children. 2003. Clinical Evidence [10], 369-374 | Clinical evidence update search and appraisal: Found no RCTs or SR on the effects of increasing dietary fibre in children |
| Rubin. Constipation. 2002. Clinical Evidence [8], 313-318 | Clinical evidence update search and appraisal: Found no RCTs or SR on the effects of increasing dietary fibre in children |
| Stark et al. Evaluation of a standard protocol for retentive encopresis: a replication. 1997. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 22[5], 619-633 | Combined intervention: mainly behavioural psychological programme + enema use. Only dietary component consisted on instructing parents on how to provide adequate fibre intake to children, but no other details provided. |
| Hillemeier. An overview of the effects of dietary fiber on gastrointestinal transit. 1995. Pediatrics 96[5 Pt 2], 997-999 | Non systematic review paper. References checked |
| Liebl et al. Dietary fiber and long-term large bowel response in enterally nourished nonambulatory profoundly retarded youth. 1990. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 14[4], 371-375 | Population outside remit of guideline: all children nourished via gastrostomy tubes, non ambulatory, severely mentally disabled, and received high doses of anticonvulsants |
| Fischer et al. The effects of dietary fibre in a liquid diet on bowel function of mentally retarded individuals. 1985. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research 29[Pt 4], 373-381 | Population outside remit of guideline: all children tube-fed, non-ambulant, severely or profoundly mentally disabled |
| Houts et al. Use of dietary fiber and stimulus control to treat retentive encopresis: a multiple baseline investigation. 1988. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 13[3], 435-445 | Very small sample size: 3 children only. Combined interventions: increasing dietary fibre and water intake + scheduled toilet training + contingent used of suppositories. Better studies available |
| Heine. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, colic and constipation in infants with food allergy. 2006. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 6[3], 220-225United States. | Non systematic review paper. References checked |
| Badiali et al. Effect of wheat bran in treatment of chronic nonorganic constipation. A double-blind controlled trial. 1995. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 40[2], 349-356 | Adult population |
| Olness et al. Chronic constipation in children: can it be managed by diet alone? 1982. Postgraduate Medicine 72[4], 149-154 | Prospective case series. Multiple interventions and outcomes poorly reported. Better studies available |
| Crowley et al. Evidence for a role of cow's milk consumption in chronic functional constipation in children: systematic review of the literature from 1980 to 2006. 2008. Nutrition and Dietetics 65[1], 29-35 | Excluded as systematic review as it includes papers that we have previously included and vice versa. References checked |
| Zoppi et al. Potential complications in the use of wheat bran for constipation in infancy. 1982. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1[1], 91-95 | Very small sample size (6 children). No clinical outcomes on effectiveness |
| Guimaraes et al. Dietary fiber intake, stool frequency and colonic transit time in chronic functional constipation in children. 2001. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 34[9], 1147-1153 | Poor quality observational study. Better intervention studies available |
| Chao et al. Cutoff volume of dietary fiber to ameliorate constipation in children. 2008. Journal of Pediatrics 153[1], 45-49 | Poor methodological study. Better studies available |
| Iacono et al. Persistent cow's milk protein intolerance in infants: the changing faces of the same disease. 1998. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 28[7], 817-823 | Retrospective cohort. Clinical outcomes poorly reported |
| Mellon et al. Treatment of retentive encopresis with diet modification and scheduled toileting vs. mineral oil and rewards for toileting: A clinical decision. 1996. Ambulatory Child Health 1[3], 214-222United Kingdom. | Combined interventions: laxatives + rewards vs. diet modification + scheduled toilet training. |
| Speridiao et al. Dietary fiber, energy intake and nutritional status during the treatment of children with chronic constipation. 2003. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 36[6], 753-759Brazil. | Prospective case series. Combined interventions: laxative+ dietary modifications. |
| Morais et al. Measurement of low dietary fiber intake as a risk factor for chronic constipation in children. 1999. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 29[2], 132-135 | Case-control study. Better quality papers already included |
| Moro et al. Dosage-related bifidogenic effects of galacto- and fructooligosaccharides in formula-fed term infants. 2002. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 34[3], 291-295 | Healthy children |
| Aggett et al. Nondigestible carbohydrates in the diets of infants and young children: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. 2003. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 36[3], 329-337 | Non systematic review paper. References checked |
| Edwards et al. Dietary fibre in infancy and childhood. 2003. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62[1], 17-23 | Non systematic review paper. References checked |
| Tabbers et al. Effect of the consumption of a fermented dairy product containing Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173 010 on constipation in childhood: A multicentre randomised controlled trial (NTRTC: 1571). 2009. BMC Pediatrics 9[1]United Kingdom. | Study protocol only |
| Borrelli et al. Neuroimmune interaction and anorectal motility in children with food allergy-related chronic constipation. 2009. American Journal of Gastroenterology 104[2], 454-463United Kingdom. | Apart from cow's milk other food exclude at the same time (eggs and soy protein). Results after carrying out specific double-blind placebo controlled challenges no reported |
