| Study | Payer | Level | Validating variables |
|---|---|---|---|
| Begley, 1994 | all | area (city/state) | none |
| Bierman, 2000 | all | person | income (area, all), Medicaid (asthma, diabetes), race (asthma, diabetes), race (asthma, diabetes) |
| Billings, 1993 | all | area (zip code) | income, race (diagnosis-specific findings in Billings, 1992) |
| Billings, 1996 | all and Canadian health system | area (zip code) | Income, national health insurance |
| Bindman, 1995 | all | area (zip code cluster/MSSA) | self-rated access (all, but strongest for asthma, CHF, DM), income, education, uninsured, Medicaid |
| Blustein, 1998 | Medicare | person | education, income, usual source of care, race, supplemental Medicaid or other insurance, prior physician visits |
| Casanova, 1995 | Spanish national health system | person | illiteracy (area), unemployment (area), income (area), school enrollment (area), availability of health center, availability of pediatrician |
| Casanova, 1996 | Spanish national health system | person | family income, paternal/maternal employment, social class, paternal/maternal education, prior physician visit, pediatrician |
| Claudio, 1999 | all | area | income, % minority, % children under 18, lack of access to preventative health care, poor housing conditions, environmental exposures, genetic suseptibility |
| Connell, 1984 | Medicare and Medicaid | hospitalization | reside in nursing home, payment source, quality of care (appropriate diagnostic tests, use of IV insulin)_ |
| Culler, 1998 | Medicare | person | race, education, living alone/with spouse, income, supplemental Medicaid or other insurance, problems obtaining care, health professional shortage area, core SMSA or rural county |
| Djojonegoro 2000 | all | area (zip code) | income, race (person) |
| Gadomski, 1998 | Medicaid | person/quarter | enrollment in Maryland Access to Care (Medicaid managed care with gatekeeper), SSI or AFDC recipients, urban residence, race |
| Gill, 1997 | Medicaid | person | regular source of care, regular care from primary care physician |
| Gill, 1998 | Medicaid | person | continuity index (function of number of ambulatory visits and unique providers) |
| Giuffrida, 1999 | English Health Services Area | area | supply of secondary care (physicians, hosp beds), morbidity measures (limiting l.t. illness, permanently sick), socioeconomic characteristics (pop density, unemploy, no central heating, crowded accomodations, no car, new commonwealth, retired living alone, students, social class 1 & 2, pop mobility), year |
| Kaestner, 2000 | all | hospital-income category -year | income |
| Krakauer, 1996 | Medicare | area (HCSA) | race/ethnicity, supplemental Medicaid or HMO coverage, urban residence, income, unemployment, active, generalist, med spec, & surg spec MD/pop ratio, generalists/MD, med spec/MD, surg spec/MD |
| Laditka, 1999 (JWA) | Medicare | area (hospital market area) | income |
| Laditka, 1999 (JHSP) | Medicaid | area (hospital market area) | Medicaid proportion |
| McConnochie1997 | all | area (zip code) | inner city or "other urban" residence (person), late prenatal care, maternal education, uninsured, Medicaid, race, unemployment, lack of telephone/automobile, childhood poverty |
| Millman, 1993 | all | area | income (all except congenital syphilis, immunization/preventable, dental; gastroenteritis O:E<2) |
| O' Sullivan 1996 | all | area | geographic region, insurance status |
| Pappas, 1997 | all | person | race, income (area), uninsured, Medicaid) |
| Parchman, 1994 | all | area, (HSA) | FP-GP/pop ratio, gen IM/pop ratio, gen ped/pop ratio, income |
| Parchman, 1999 | Medicare | person | primary care shortage area, supplemental Medicaid, income, race, education, marital status |
| Rohrer, 1997 | all | area | geographic region |
| Schreiber, 1997 | all | area (zip code) | poverty, race, pop density, primary care MD/pop ratio, health professional shortage area, proximity to hospital |
| Shi, 1999 | all | person | race, income (area), non-MSA, primary care MD, uninsured, Medicare/Medicaid |
| Shukla, 1997 | all | person | race (all conditions), insurance type (diabetes, hypertension, asthma), localities |
| Silver, 1997 | Medicare | area (county) | rural regions of Utah (0/4 anemia, 2/4 asthma, 4/4 cellulitis, 2/4 CHF, ¼ DM, ¾ gastric, 2/4 hypertension, 4/4 pneumonia |
| Solet, 2000 | all | area | income/ poverty status |
| Taroni, 1997 | Italian health system | area (local health unit) | low overall hospital use |
| Weissman, 1992 | all | person | uninsured (0/2 rupt appendix, ½ asthma, 2/2 cellulitis, ½ CHF, 2/2 DM, 2/2 gangrene,½ hypokalemia, ½ immunizable, 2/2 malig. htn. 2/2 pneumonia, ½ pyelo, 2/2 ulcer), Medicaid, race |
From: APPENDIX 8, Literature Tables for Utilization and ACSC Indicators
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