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Ataxia-telangiectasia syndrome(AT)

MedGen UID:
439
Concept ID:
C0004135
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: AT; AT, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP C; Ataxia-telangiectasia; ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A; Ataxia-telangiectasia, complementation group D; Ataxia-telangiectasia, complementation group E; ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA, FRESNO VARIANT; Cerebello-oculocutaneous telangiectasia; Immunodeficiency with ataxia telangiectasia; Louis-Bar syndrome
SNOMED CT: Ataxia-telangiectasia syndrome (68504005); Louis-Bar syndrome (68504005); Ataxia telangiectasia (68504005); Ataxia telangiectasia syndrome (68504005)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal recessive inheritance
MedGen UID:
141025
Concept ID:
C0441748
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).
 
Gene (location): ATM (11q22.3)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0008840
OMIM®: 208900
Orphanet: ORPHA100

Definition

Classic ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia beginning between ages one and four years, oculomotor apraxia, choreoathetosis, telangiectasias of the conjunctivae, immunodeficiency, frequent infections, and an increased risk for malignancy, particularly leukemia and lymphoma. Individuals with A-T are unusually sensitive to ionizing radiation. Non-classic forms of A-T have included adult-onset A-T and A-T with early-onset dystonia. [from GeneReviews]

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia, telangiectases, immune defects, and a predisposition to malignancy. Chromosomal breakage is a feature. AT cells are abnormally sensitive to killing by ionizing radiation (IR), and abnormally resistant to inhibition of DNA synthesis by ionizing radiation. The latter trait has been used to identify complementation groups for the classic form of the disease (Jaspers et al., 1988). At least 4 of these (A, C, D, and E) map to chromosome 11q23 (Sanal et al., 1990) and are associated with mutations in the ATM gene.  http://www.omim.org/entry/208900
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Ataxia-telangiectasia is a rare inherited disorder that affects the nervous system, immune system, and other body systems.  This disorder is characterized by progressive difficulty with coordinating movements (ataxia) beginning in early childhood, usually before age 5. Affected children typically develop difficulty walking, problems with balance and hand coordination, involuntary jerking movements (chorea), muscle twitches (myoclonus), and disturbances in nerve function (neuropathy).  The movement problems typically cause people to require wheelchair assistance by adolescence. People with this disorder also have slurred speech and trouble moving their eyes to look side-to-side (oculomotor apraxia). Small clusters of enlarged blood vessels called telangiectases, which occur in the eyes and on the surface of the skin, are also characteristic of this condition.

Affected individuals tend to have high amounts of a protein called alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in their blood. The level of this protein is normally increased in the bloodstream of pregnant women, but it is unknown why individuals with ataxia-telangiectasia have elevated AFP or what effects it has in these individuals.

People with ataxia-telangiectasia often have a weakened immune system, and many develop chronic lung infections. They also have an increased risk of developing cancer, particularly cancer of blood-forming cells (leukemia) and cancer of immune system cells (lymphoma). Affected individuals are very sensitive to the effects of radiation exposure, including medical x-rays. 

Ataxia-telangiectasia has no cure, though treatments might improve some symptoms. These treatments include physical and speech therapy and improving deficits in the immune system and nutrition. The life expectancy of people with ataxia-telangiectasia varies greatly, but affected individuals typically live into early adulthood.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/ataxia-telangiectasia

Clinical features

From HPO
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma
MedGen UID:
9283
Concept ID:
C0019829
Neoplastic Process
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma is a lymph node cancer of germinal center B-cell origin. Hodgkin lymphoma tumors consist of a minority of malignant cells, known as 'Reed-Sternberg' (RS) cells, mixed with reactive lymphocytes and other benign inflammatory cells. A defining feature of RS cells is the presence of 2 nuclei (summary by Salipante et al., 2009).
Leukemia
MedGen UID:
9725
Concept ID:
C0023418
Neoplastic Process
A cancer of the blood and bone marrow characterized by an abnormal proliferation of leukocytes.
Acute lymphoid leukemia
MedGen UID:
7317
Concept ID:
C0023449
Neoplastic Process
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), also known as acute lymphocytic leukemia, is a subtype of acute leukemia, a cancer of the white blood cells. Somatically acquired mutations in several genes have been identified in ALL lymphoblasts, cells in the early stages of differentiation. Germline variation in certain genes may also predispose to susceptibility to ALL (Trevino et al., 2009). Genetic Heterogeneity of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia A susceptibility locus for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL1) has been mapped to chromosome 10q21. See also ALL2 (613067), which has been mapped to chromosome 7p12.2; and ALL3 (615545), which is caused by mutation in the PAX5 gene (167414) on chromosome 9p.
Lymphoma
MedGen UID:
44223
Concept ID:
C0024299
Neoplastic Process
A cancer originating in lymphocytes and presenting as a solid tumor of lymhpoid cells.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
MedGen UID:
6160
Concept ID:
C0024305
Neoplastic Process
A type of lymphoma characterized microscopically by the absence of multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells.
Female hypogonadism
MedGen UID:
75756
Concept ID:
C0271578
Disease or Syndrome
Decreased functionality of the female gonads, i.e., of the ovary.
Abnormal spermatogenesis
MedGen UID:
488909
Concept ID:
C0520933
Finding
Incomplete maturation or aberrant formation of the male gametes.
Short stature
MedGen UID:
87607
Concept ID:
C0349588
Finding
A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).
Failure to thrive
MedGen UID:
746019
Concept ID:
C2315100
Disease or Syndrome
Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to a child whose physical growth is substantially below the norm.
Chronic diarrhea
MedGen UID:
96036
Concept ID:
C0401151
Finding
The presence of chronic diarrhea, which is usually taken to mean diarrhea that has persisted for over 4 weeks.
Cerebellar ataxia
MedGen UID:
849
Concept ID:
C0007758
Disease or Syndrome
Cerebellar ataxia refers to ataxia due to dysfunction of the cerebellum. This causes a variety of elementary neurological deficits including asynergy (lack of coordination between muscles, limbs and joints), dysmetria (lack of ability to judge distances that can lead to under- or overshoot in grasping movements), and dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid movements requiring antagonizing muscle groups to be switched on and off repeatedly).
Dysarthria
MedGen UID:
8510
Concept ID:
C0013362
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed.
Dystonic disorder
MedGen UID:
3940
Concept ID:
C0013421
Sign or Symptom
An abnormally increased muscular tone that causes fixed abnormal postures. There is a slow, intermittent twisting motion that leads to exaggerated turning and posture of the extremities and trunk.
Myoclonus
MedGen UID:
10234
Concept ID:
C0027066
Finding
Very brief, involuntary random muscular contractions occurring at rest, in response to sensory stimuli, or accompanying voluntary movements.
Seizure
MedGen UID:
20693
Concept ID:
C0036572
Sign or Symptom
A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
Tremor
MedGen UID:
21635
Concept ID:
C0040822
Sign or Symptom
An unintentional, oscillating to-and-fro muscle movement about a joint axis.
Choreoathetosis
MedGen UID:
39313
Concept ID:
C0085583
Disease or Syndrome
Involuntary movements characterized by both athetosis (inability to sustain muscles in a fixed position) and chorea (widespread jerky arrhythmic movements).
Slurred speech
MedGen UID:
65885
Concept ID:
C0234518
Finding
Abnormal coordination of muscles involved in speech.
Dysdiadochokinesis
MedGen UID:
115975
Concept ID:
C0234979
Sign or Symptom
A type of ataxia characterized by the impairment of the ability to perform rapidly alternating movements, such as pronating and supinating his or her hand on the dorsum of the other hand as rapidly as possible.
Progressive cerebellar ataxia
MedGen UID:
140727
Concept ID:
C0393525
Disease or Syndrome
Delayed speech and language development
MedGen UID:
105318
Concept ID:
C0454644
Finding
A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age.
Inability to walk
MedGen UID:
107860
Concept ID:
C0560046
Finding
Incapability to ambulate.
Reduced tendon reflexes
MedGen UID:
356648
Concept ID:
C1866934
Finding
Diminution of tendon reflexes, which is an invariable sign of peripheral nerve disease.
Intention tremor
MedGen UID:
1642960
Concept ID:
C4551520
Sign or Symptom
A type of kinetic tremor that occurs during target directed movement is called intention tremor. That is, an oscillatory cerebellar ataxia that tends to be absent when the limbs are inactive and during the first part of voluntary movement but worsening as the movement continues and greater precision is required (e.g., in touching a target such as the patient's nose or a physician's finger).
Microcephaly
MedGen UID:
1644158
Concept ID:
C4551563
Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.
Bronchiectasis
MedGen UID:
14234
Concept ID:
C0006267
Disease or Syndrome
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi owing to localized and irreversible destruction and widening of the large airways.
Recurrent bronchitis
MedGen UID:
148159
Concept ID:
C0741796
Disease or Syndrome
An increased susceptibility to bronchitis as manifested by a history of recurrent bronchitis.
Recurrent lower respiratory tract infections
MedGen UID:
756211
Concept ID:
C3163798
Disease or Syndrome
An increased susceptibility to lower respiratory tract infections as manifested by a history of recurrent lower respiratory tract infections.
Lymphopenia
MedGen UID:
7418
Concept ID:
C0024312
Disease or Syndrome
A reduced number of lymphocytes in the blood.
Sinusitis
MedGen UID:
20772
Concept ID:
C0037199
Disease or Syndrome
Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses owing to a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection, allergy, or an autoimmune reaction.
Decreased circulating IgA concentration
MedGen UID:
57934
Concept ID:
C0162538
Disease or Syndrome
Decreased levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA).
Hypoplasia of the thymus
MedGen UID:
146347
Concept ID:
C0685891
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the thymus.
Defective B cell differentiation
MedGen UID:
347920
Concept ID:
C1859624
Finding
Reduced functionality of the process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. A B cell is a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
T lymphocytopenia
MedGen UID:
419385
Concept ID:
C2931322
Finding
An abnormally low count of T cells.
Abnormal B cell count
MedGen UID:
866853
Concept ID:
C4021208
Finding
A deviation from the normal count of B cells, i.e., the cells that are formed in the bone marrow, migrate to the peripheral lymphatic system, and mature into plasma cells or memory cells.
Decreased circulating IgG2 concentration
MedGen UID:
867187
Concept ID:
C4021545
Finding
A reduction in immunoglobulin levels of the IgG2 subclass in the blood circulation.
Decreased circulating IgG concentration
MedGen UID:
1720114
Concept ID:
C5234937
Finding
An abnormally decreased level of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in blood.
Decreased proportion of CD4-positive helper T cells
MedGen UID:
1719772
Concept ID:
C5235140
Finding
A decreased proportion of circulating CD4-positive helper T cells relative to total T cell count.
Diabetes mellitus
MedGen UID:
8350
Concept ID:
C0011849
Disease or Syndrome
A group of abnormalities characterized by hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance.
Elevated circulating alpha-fetoprotein concentration
MedGen UID:
65916
Concept ID:
C0235971
Finding
Concentration of alpha-fetoprotein in the blood circulation above the upper limit of normal.
Glucose intolerance
MedGen UID:
75760
Concept ID:
C0271650
Disease or Syndrome
Glucose intolerance (GI) can be defined as dysglycemia that comprises both prediabetes and diabetes. It includes the conditions of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetes mellitus (DM).
Abnormal hair morphology
MedGen UID:
56381
Concept ID:
C0157733
Finding
An abnormality of the hair.
Cafe-au-lait spot
MedGen UID:
113157
Concept ID:
C0221263
Finding
Cafe-au-lait spots are hyperpigmented lesions that can vary in color from light brown to dark brown with smooth borders and having a size of 1.5 cm or more in adults and 0.5 cm or more in children.
Conjunctival telangiectasia
MedGen UID:
66780
Concept ID:
C0239105
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of small (ca. 0.5-1.0 mm) dilated blood vessels near the surface of the mucous membranes of the conjunctiva.
Delayed puberty
MedGen UID:
46203
Concept ID:
C0034012
Pathologic Function
Passing the age when puberty normally occurs with no physical or hormonal signs of the onset of puberty.
Nystagmus
MedGen UID:
45166
Concept ID:
C0028738
Disease or Syndrome
Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes related to abnormality in fixation, conjugate gaze, or vestibular mechanisms.
Strabismus
MedGen UID:
21337
Concept ID:
C0038379
Disease or Syndrome
A misalignment of the eyes so that the visual axes deviate from bifoveal fixation. The classification of strabismus may be based on a number of features including the relative position of the eyes, whether the deviation is latent or manifest, intermittent or constant, concomitant or otherwise and according to the age of onset and the relevance of any associated refractive error.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Hariyan T, Kinash M, Kovalenko R, Boyarchuk O
PLoS One 2020;15(5):e0233342. Epub 2020 May 29 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233342. PMID: 32470021Free PMC Article
Berthet F, Le Deist F, Duliege AM, Griscelli C, Fischer A
Pediatrics 1994 Feb;93(2):265-70. PMID: 8121739

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Duffy R, Liaqat M, Lawrence N, Manders S
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Marinău LD, Singer CE, Meşină C, Niculescu EC, Puiu I, Petrescu IO, Geormăneanu C, Enculescu AC, Tache DE, Purcaru ŞO, Răciulă S, Damian CL
Rom J Morphol Embryol 2017;58(3):1103-1108. PMID: 29250697
Choi M, Kipps T, Kurzrock R
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Marabelli M, Cheng SC, Parmigiani G
Genet Epidemiol 2016 Jul;40(5):425-31. Epub 2016 Apr 25 doi: 10.1002/gepi.21971. PMID: 27112364Free PMC Article
Greenberger S, Berkun Y, Ben-Zeev B, Levi YB, Barziliai A, Nissenkorn A
J Am Acad Dermatol 2013 Jun;68(6):932-6. Epub 2013 Jan 27 doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2012.12.950. PMID: 23360865

Diagnosis

Fortuna J, Rodrigues AL, Pires P
Pediatr Neonatol 2022 Sep;63(5):551-552. Epub 2022 Mar 23 doi: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2022.01.004. PMID: 35431147
Suspitsin E, Sokolenko A, Bizin I, Tumakova A, Guseva M, Sokolova N, Vakhlyarskaya S, Kondratenko I, Imyanitov E
Eur J Med Genet 2020 Jan;63(1):103630. Epub 2019 Feb 14 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.02.003. PMID: 30772474
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Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017 Dec;13(12):1155-1172. Epub 2017 Oct 20 doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2017.1392856. PMID: 29034753
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J Am Acad Dermatol 2013 Jun;68(6):932-6. Epub 2013 Jan 27 doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2012.12.950. PMID: 23360865
Forte WC, Menezes MC, Dionigi PC, Bastos CL
Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2005 Jul-Aug;33(4):199-203. doi: 10.1157/13077743. PMID: 16045857

Therapy

Choi M, Kipps T, Kurzrock R
Mol Cancer Ther 2016 Aug;15(8):1781-91. Epub 2016 Jul 13 doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-15-0945. PMID: 27413114

Prognosis

Choi M, Kipps T, Kurzrock R
Mol Cancer Ther 2016 Aug;15(8):1781-91. Epub 2016 Jul 13 doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-15-0945. PMID: 27413114
Forte WC, Menezes MC, Dionigi PC, Bastos CL
Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2005 Jul-Aug;33(4):199-203. doi: 10.1157/13077743. PMID: 16045857

Clinical prediction guides

Greenberger S, Berkun Y, Ben-Zeev B, Levi YB, Barziliai A, Nissenkorn A
J Am Acad Dermatol 2013 Jun;68(6):932-6. Epub 2013 Jan 27 doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2012.12.950. PMID: 23360865
Forte WC, Menezes MC, Dionigi PC, Bastos CL
Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2005 Jul-Aug;33(4):199-203. doi: 10.1157/13077743. PMID: 16045857
McKinnon PJ, Burgoyne LA
Eur J Cell Biol 1985 Nov;39(1):161-6. PMID: 3910438

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