OVERVIEW

PRODUCT INFORMATION

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE

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DRUG	CAS REGISTRY NO	MOLECULAR FORMULA	STRUCTURE
Tigecycline	220620-09-7	C29-H39-N5-O8

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

References updated: 23 January 2019

• Zimmerman HJ. Hepatic injury from the treatment of infectious and parasitic diseases. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 589-637.

  (Expert review of liver injury due to antimicrobial agents published in 1999; tigecycline is not mentioned).
• Moseley RH. Antibacterial and antifungal agents. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced Liver Disease. Second Edition. New York: Informa Healthcare, 2007, pp. 527-46.

  (Expert review of antibiotic induced liver injury published in 2007, mentions that tigecycline was only recently approved, is known to cause serum enzyme elevations, but has not been linked to cases of clinically apparent liver injury).
• Petri WA Jr. Penicillins, cephalosporins, and other betalactam antibiotics. In, Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL, eds. Goodman & Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 11th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006, pp. 1127-54.

  (Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).
• Postier RG, Green SL, Klein SR, Ellis-Grosse EJ, Loh E; Tigecycline 200 Study Group. Results of a multicenter, randomized, open-label efficacy and safety study of two doses of tigecycline for complicated skin and skin-structure infections in hospitalized patients. Clin Ther 2004; 26: 704-14. [PubMed: 15220014]

  (160 patients received tigecycline for 5 to 14 days; asymptomatic, self-limited ALT elevations occurred in 3%).
• Babinchak T, Ellis-Grosse E, Dartois N, Rose GM, Loh E; Tigecycline 301 Study Group; Tigecycline 306 Study Group. The efficacy and safety of tigecycline for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections: analysis of pooled clinical trial data. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41 (Suppl 5): S354-67. [PubMed: 16080073]

  (Summary of phase III trials comparing tigecycline [n=817] to imipenim/cilastatin [n=825] given for 5-14 days; ALT and AST elevations occurred in ~3% of both groups; one patient withdrew due to ”liver damage").
• Breedt J, Teras J, Gardovskis J, Maritz FJ, Vaasna T, Ross DP, Gioud-Paquet M, et al; Tigecycline 305 cSSSI Study Group. Safety and efficacy of tigecycline in treatment of skin and skin structure infections: results of a double-blind phase 3 comparison study with vancomycin-aztreonam. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 4658-66. [PMC free article: PMC1280174] [PubMed: 16251309]

  (Randomized controlled trial in 546 patients treated for up to 14 days; ALT and AST elevations occurred in 1-2% of tigecycline treated compared to 5-6% of comparative antibiotic treated patients).
• Ellis-Grosse EJ, Babinchak T, Dartois N, Rose G, Loh E; Tigecycline 300 cSSSI Study Group; Tigecycline 305 cSSSI Study Group. The efficacy and safety of tigecycline in the treatment of skin and skin-structure infections: results of 2 double-blind phase 3 comparison studies with vancomycin-aztreonam. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41 (Suppl 5): S341-53. [PubMed: 16080072]

  (Summary of two phase III trials comparing tigecycline [n=566] to vancomycin/aztreonam [n=550] for up to 14 days; ALT and AST elevations reported in 1.4-1.8% of tigecycline treated and 5.1-6.2% of vancomycin/aztreonam treated patients; no hepatitis with jaundice).
• Garrison MW, Neumiller JJ, Setter SM. Tigecycline: an investigational glycylcycline antimicrobial with activity against resistant gram-positive organisms. Clin Ther 2005; 27: 12-22. [PubMed: 15763603]

  (Review article on tigecycline: “Mild elevations in liver function parameters and blood urea nitrogen were also observed but required no intervention.”).
• Oliva ME, Rekha A, Yellin A, Pasternak J, Campos M, Rose GM, Babinchak T, et al; 301 Study Group. A multicenter trial of the efficacy and safety of tigecycline versus imipenem/cilastatin in patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections [Study ID Numbers: 3074A1-301-WW; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00081744]. BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5: 88. [PMC free article: PMC1277826] [PubMed: 16236177]

  (Randomized controlled trial of tigecycline vs imipenem/cilastatin; no mention of clinically apparent liver injury or incidence of ALT elevations).
• Rello J. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of tigecycline. J Chemother 2005; 17 (Suppl 1): 12-22. [PubMed: 16285354]

  (A summary of phase I, II and III studies of tigecycline; elevated ALT or AST levels reported in 1% to 2% of tigecycline recipients and higher proportion of patients receiving comparative antibiotics; no cases of hepatitis with jaundice attributable to tigecycline).
• Rubinstein E, Vaughan D. Tigecycline: a novel glycylcycline. Drugs 2005; 65: 1317-36. [PubMed: 15977966]

  (Review article on tigecycline reporting low rates of ALT and AST elevations [<2%] in phase III randomized controlled trials).
• Sacchidanand S, Penn RL, Embil JM, Campos ME, Curcio D, Ellis-Grosse E, Loh E, Rose G. Efficacy and safety of tigecycline monotherapy compared with vancomycin plus aztreonam in patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections: Results from a phase 3, randomized, double-blind trial. Int J Infect Dis 2005; 9: 251-61. [PubMed: 16099700]

  (Randomized controlled trial of tigecycline [n=292] vs vancomycin and aztreonam [n= 281] for up to 14 days; ALT and AST elevations occurred in 1-2% of tigecycline vs 5-6% of comparator recipients; no case of clinically apparent liver disease).
• Tanaseanu C, Bergallo C, Teglia O, Jasovich A, Oliva ME, Dukart G, Dartois N, Cooper CA, Gandjini H, Mallick R; 308 Study Group; 313 Study Group. Integrated results of 2 phase 3 studies comparing tigecycline and levofloxacin in community-acquired pneumonia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 61: 329-38. [PubMed: 18508226]

  (Combined results of two clinical trials comparing tigecycline to levofloxacin in 846 patients with pneumonia found similar efficacy [74-86%]; nausea and vomiting were more common with tigecycline; ALT elevations occurred in 2.6% of tigecycline vs 6.4% of levofloxacin treated patients; no mention of hepatitis or jaundice).
• Chalasani N, Fontana RJ, Bonkovsky HL, Watkins PB, Davern T, Serrano J, Yang H, Rochon J; Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN). Causes, clinical features, and outcomes from a prospective study of drug-induced liver injury in the United States. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 1924-34. [PMC free article: PMC3654244] [PubMed: 18955056]

  (Among 300 cases of drug induced liver disease in the US collected from 2004 to 2008, none were linked to tigecycline).
• Towfigh S, Pasternak J, Poirier A, Leister H, Babinchak T. A multicentre, open-label, randomized comparative study of tigecycline versus ceftriaxone sodium plus metronidazole for the treatment of hospitalized subjects with complicated intra-abdominal infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 1274-81. [PubMed: 20670293]

  (Controlled trial of tigecycline versus ceftriazone/metronidazole in 376 patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections; no mention of ALT elevations or liver injury).
• Tasina E, Haidich AB, Kokkali S, Arvanitidou M. Efficacy and safety of tigecycline for the treatment of infectious diseases: a meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11: 834-44. [PubMed: 21784708]

  (Metaanalysis of 14 randomized controlled trials of tigecycline vs comparator antibiotic regimens found non-significantly lower success rates and higher adverse events in the tigecycline group, mostly due to nausea and vomiting; no discussion of ALT elevations or liver injury).
• Bodmann KF, Heizmann WR, von Eiff C, Petrik C, Löschmann PA, Eckmann C. Therapy of 1,025 Severely Ill Patients with Complicated Infections in a German Multicenter Study: Safety Profile and Efficacy of Tigecycline in Different Treatment Modalities. Chemotherapy 2012; 58: 282-94. [PubMed: 23052187]

  (Among 1025 patients with severe infections treated with tigecycline, 2.5% had a serious adverse events mostly due to drug inefficacy or bacterial resistance; 1% had liver test elevations and mortality rate was 20%, half due to multiorgan failure and 1.2% to hepatic failure).
• Kadoyama K, Sakaeda T, Tamon A, Okuno Y. Adverse event profile of tigecycline: data mining of the public version of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system. Biol Pharm Bul. 2012; 35: 967-70. [PubMed: 22687540]

  (Analysis of adverse event reports on tigecycline compared to other agents, suggested increased rates of nausea, vomiting, pancreatitis, liver failure, ALT and Alk P elevations).
• Prasad P, Sun J, Danner RL, Natanson C. Excess deaths associated with tigecycline after approval based on noninferiority trials. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54: 1699-709. [PMC free article: PMC3404716] [PubMed: 22467668]

  (Systematic analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials of tigecycline vs comparator antibiotic regimens in 7434 patients with severe infections found increased mortality [risk difference RD=0.7%] in tigecycline group and increased non-cure rates [RD=2.9%]).
• Vardakas KZ, Rafailidis PI, Falagas ME. Effectiveness and safety of tigecycline: focus on use for approved indications. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54: 1672-4. [PubMed: 22431809]

  (A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of tigecycline vs comparator agents suggested that tigecycline was not associated with a higher mortality rate in patients with infections for which the agent is approved: 2.5% vs 1.8%, p=0.09).
• Rossitto G, Piano S, Rosi S, Simioni P, Angeli P. Life-threatening coagulopathy and hypofibrinogenaemia induced by tigecycline in a patient with advanced liver cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepato 2014; 26: 681-4. [PubMed: 24667348]

  (A 43 year old woman with autoimmune hepatitis and advanced cirrhosis developed worsening jaundice, elevations in INR and fall in fibrinogen levels 5 days after starting tigecycline for a systemic infection, which then returned to baseline once tigecycline was stopped).
• Zhang Q, Zhou S, Zhou J. Tigecycline treatment causes a decrease in fibrinogen levels. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59: 1650-5. [PMC free article: PMC4325772] [PubMed: 25547356]

  (Among 20 patients with severe infections who were monitored during tigecycline therapy, serum fibrinogen levels decreased in 19 and were associated with bleeding episodes in 6 patients, while mean ALT and bilirubin levels did not change and all abnormalities returned to baseline upon stopping tigecycline).