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LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-.
LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet].
Show detailsOVERVIEW
Introduction
Olaratumab is a human monoclonal antibody to the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor alpha and an antineoplastic agent used in the therapy of advanced soft tissue sarcoma. Olaratumab has not been linked to serum enzyme elevations during therapy or to idiosyncratic acute liver injury.
Background
Olaratumab (oh" lar at' ue mab) is a recombinant human monoclonal IgG1 antibody to the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha. Signaling through PDGF receptors promotes cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Inhibition of the PDGF signaling decreases formation of new blood vessels, which plays an important role in growth and spread of cancer cells. When used in combination with other antineoplastic agents, olaratumab has been shown to extend recurrence-free survival in several forms of advanced cancer. Olaratumab was approved in the United States in 2016 for use in combination with doxorubicin for refractory, advanced soft tissue sarcoma. Olaratumab is available in solution in single use vials of 500 mg in 50 mL or 190 mg in 19 mL (10 mg/mL) under the brand name Lartruvo. The typical dose is 15 mg/kg intravenously over 60 minutes on days 1 and 8 of each 21-day cycle. Premedication with diphenhydramine and dexamethasone is recommended with the initial dose. Olaratumab is administered with doxorubicin and this combination has significant adverse side effects, including nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, anorexia, abdominal pain, alopecia, peripheral neuropathy, neutropenia, and stomatitis. Uncommon, but potentially severe adverse events include severe infusion reactions, hypersensitivity reactions, and embryofetal toxicity.
Hepatotoxicity
In preregistration clinical trials, serum aminotransferase elevations were no more frequent in patients receiving olaratumab and doxorubicin than in those receiving doxorubicin alone (17.5% vs 16.1%), and no patient developed elevations above 5 times ULN or required dose modification or discontinuation for liver test abnormalities. Hepatotoxicity was not listed as a cause of serious adverse events or a reason for discontinuation of olaratumab. Subsequent to its approval and more general use, olaratumab has not been implicated in published cases of clinically apparent liver injury. Olaratumab is generally given with other potent antineoplastic agents and it is often difficult to attribute serum enzyme elevations or clinically apparent liver injury to a specific agent being used.
Likelihood score: E (unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury).
Mechanism of Injury
The possible mechanism of liver injury caused by olaratumab is not known. It is a recombinant protein and unlikely to be inherently hepatoxic. Proteins are metabolized to small polypeptides and amino acids in many cells including hepatocytes and do not alter the activity of drug metabolizing enzymes or hepatic transporter molecules. Blocking of PDGF signaling does not seem to harm liver cells or alter hepatic function.
Drug Class: Antineoplastic Agents, Monoclonal Antibodies
PRODUCT INFORMATION
REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES
Olaratumab – Lartruvo®
DRUG CLASS
Antineoplastic Agents
Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH
CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE
| DRUG | CAS REGISTRY NO | MOLECULAR FORMULA | STRUCTURE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Olaratumab | 1024603-93-7 | Monoclonal Antibody | Not Available |
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
References updated: 29 May 2017
- Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxic effects of oncotherapeutic and immunosuppressive agents. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 673-708.(Expert review of hepatotoxicity published in 1999, well before the availability of most monoclonal antibody therapies).
- Reuben A. Hepatotoxicity of immunosuppressive drugs. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2011, pp. 569-91.(Review of hepatotoxicity of immunosuppressive agents; mentions rituximab and problems of reactivation of hepatitis B, but also states that "the biological immunosuppressants are largely free from hepatotoxicity, with the exception of the TNF alpha antagonists"; no specific discussion of olaratumab).
- Chabner BA, Barnes J, Neal J, Olson E, Mujagiv H, Sequist L, Wilson W, et al. Targeted therapies: tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and cytokines. In, Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011, pp. 1731-53.(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).
- Chiorean EG, Sweeney C, Youssoufian H, Qin A, Dontabhaktuni A, Loizos N, Nippgen J, et al. A phase I study of olaratumab, an anti-platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) monoclonal antibody, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 73: 595-604. [PubMed: 24452395](Among 19 patients with advanced solid tumors treated with one of 5 regimens of olaratumab, there were no objective responses and the most common adverse events were fatigue, constipation, diarrhea and fever; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).
- Doi T, Ma Y, Dontabhaktuni A, Nippgen C, Nippgen J, Ohtsu A. Phase I study of olaratumab in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer Sci 2014; 105: 862-9. [PMC free article: PMC4317910] [PubMed: 24816152](Among 16 patients with various advanced tumors treated with olaratumab [10, 15 or 20 mg/kg], adverse events included proteinuria in 25% and AST elevations in 12%, but none required dose modification or discontinuation).
- Tap WD, Jones RL, Van Tine BA, Chmielowski B, Elias AD, Adkins D, Agulnik M, et al. Olaratumab and doxorubicin versus doxorubicin alone for treatment of soft-tissue sarcoma: an open-label phase 1b and randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet 2016; 388 (10043): 488-97. [PMC free article: PMC5647653] [PubMed: 27291997](Among 133 patients treated with doxorubicin, addition of olaratumab [15 mg/kg] on days 1 and 8 of 21-day cycles increased the objective response rate [18% vs 12%] and overall survival [median 26.5 vs 14.7 months]; adverse events were more frequent with addition of olaratumab and included neutropenia [38% vs 35%], mucositis [53% vs 35%], nausea [73% vs 52%], vomiting [45% vs 18%], and diarrhea [34% vs 23%]; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).
- van der Graaf WT. Olaratumab in soft-tissue sarcomas. Lancet 2016; 388 (10043): 442-4. [PubMed: 27291995](Editorial accompanying Tap [2016] discussing the promise of PDGF pathway inhibition for soft tissue sarcoma).
- Wagner AJ, Kindler H, Gelderblom H, Schöffski P, Bauer S, Hohenberger P, Kopp HG, et al. A phase II study of a human anti-PDGFRα monoclonal antibody (olaratumab, IMC-3G3) in previously treated patients with unresectable and/or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Ann Oncol 2017; 28 (3): 541-6. [PMC free article: PMC5391707] [PubMed: 28426120](Among 21 patients with refractory metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors treated with olaratumab [20 mg/kg every 2 weeks], no objective responses were seen and side effects included fatigue [38%], nausea [19%], peripheral edema [14%] and single instances of syncope and hypertension; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).
- Klug LR, Heinrich MC. PDGFRA antibody for soft tissue sarcoma. Cell 2017; 168: 555. [PubMed: 28187274](Commentary on PDGF signaling and the possible role of its inhibition in treatment of soft tissue sarcoma).
- PMCPubMed Central citations
- PubChem SubstanceRelated PubChem Substances
- PubMedLinks to PubMed
- Assessment of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha antibody olaratumab in a panel of patient-derived soft tissue sarcoma xenografts.[BMC Cancer. 2019]Assessment of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha antibody olaratumab in a panel of patient-derived soft tissue sarcoma xenografts.Cornillie J, Wozniak A, Van Renterghem B, Van Winkel N, Wellens J, Gebreyohannes YK, Debiec-Rychter M, Sciot R, Hompes D, Schöffski P. BMC Cancer. 2019 Jul 22; 19(1):724. Epub 2019 Jul 22.
- Review Olaratumab: A Novel Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor α-Inhibitor for Advanced Soft Tissue Sarcoma.[Ann Pharmacother. 2017]Review Olaratumab: A Novel Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor α-Inhibitor for Advanced Soft Tissue Sarcoma.Andrick BJ, Gandhi A. Ann Pharmacother. 2017 Dec; 51(12):1090-1098. Epub 2017 Aug 4.
- Review Olaratumab for the treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcoma.[Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2017]Review Olaratumab for the treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcoma.Okuno SH, Maran A, Robinson SI. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2017 Oct; 17(10):883-887. Epub 2017 Sep 8.
- Olaratumab and doxorubicin versus doxorubicin alone for treatment of soft-tissue sarcoma: an open-label phase 1b and randomised phase 2 trial.[Lancet. 2016]Olaratumab and doxorubicin versus doxorubicin alone for treatment of soft-tissue sarcoma: an open-label phase 1b and randomised phase 2 trial.Tap WD, Jones RL, Van Tine BA, Chmielowski B, Elias AD, Adkins D, Agulnik M, Cooney MM, Livingston MB, Pennock G, et al. Lancet. 2016 Jul 30; 388(10043):488-97. Epub 2016 Jun 9.
- Olaratumab Exerts Antitumor Activity in Preclinical Models of Pediatric Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors through Inhibition of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor α.[Clin Cancer Res. 2018]Olaratumab Exerts Antitumor Activity in Preclinical Models of Pediatric Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors through Inhibition of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor α.Lowery CD, Blosser W, Dowless M, Knoche S, Stephens J, Li H, Surguladze D, Loizos N, Luffer-Atlas D, Oakley GJ 3rd, et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2018 Feb 15; 24(4):847-857. Epub 2017 Nov 30.
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