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LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-.

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LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet].

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Indomethacin

Last Update: March 23, 2018.

OVERVIEW

Introduction

Indomethacin is a potent nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) typically used for chronic inflammatory arthritis. Indomethacin has been associated with rare cases of idiosyncratic drug induced liver disease.

Background

Indomethacin (in" doe meth' a sin) is a methylated indole and belongs to the acetic acid derivative class of NSAIDs. Like other NSAIDs, indomethacin has antipyretic, analgesic and antiinflammatory activities. The NSAIDs owe their therapeutic effects to the inhibition of intracellular cyclooxygenases (Cox-1 and Cox-2), resulting in decrease in synthesis of prostaglandins which are potent mediators of pain and inflammation. Indomethacin was approved for use in the United States in 1965 and it continues to be widely used, with more than 2.5 million prescriptions filled yearly. Indomethacin is indicated for management of various forms of chronic arthritis, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gouty arthritis, as well as acute shoulder pain and dysmenorrhea. Intravenous formulations of indomethacin are approved for the special indication of closure of patent ductus arteriosis in premature infants. Indomethacin is available by prescription as capsules of 25, 50 and 75 mg, in sustained release forms, as suppositories and as suspensions for oral use, in multiple generic forms as well as under several commercial names, including Indocin, Indochron, Indolar, Indo-Lemmon and Zendole. The recommended dosage in adults with chronic arthritis is 25 to 50 mg taken orally two to three times daily, increasing the dose until the symptoms are controlled or a maximum dose of 200 mg is reached. Injectible formulations of indomethacin are available in single dose 1 mg vials for intravenous use in premature infants with patent ducutus arteriosis. Non-hepatic side effects of indomethacin include headache, dizziness, somnolence, dyspepsia, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, peripheral edema and hypersensitivity reactions.

Hepatotoxicity

Mild and transient elevations in serum aminotransferase levels are found in up to 15% of patients taking indomethacin chronically. Moderate ALT elevations (>3 times ULN) occur in less than 1% of patients. Frank liver injury with jaundice from indomethacin is rare (estimated at 1.1 per 100,000 prescriptions), and fewer than a dozen cases have been reported in the literature. The latency to onset of symptoms or jaundice is variable, but is usually within 1 to 8 weeks of starting, although instances of latency of 4 to 6 months have been reported. Patients present with anorexia, nausea and vomiting followed by jaundice. Hepatocellular patterns of enzyme elevations are most common, but cholestatic and mixed patterns have been reported. Allergic manifestations and autoimmune features are not common. The injury is usually self-limited, resolving in 1 to 3 months, but several fatal cases have been reported (Case 1), particularly after use of high doses in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or Still disease. Many of the reported cases of severe indomethacin associated hepatotoxicity have occurred in patients with a pre-existing, underlying chronic liver disease.

Likelihood score: C (probable rare cause of clinically apparent liver injury).

Mechanism of Injury

The mechanism by which indomethacin induces liver injury is not known, but is likely to be mediated by a toxic intermediate of its metabolism.

Severity and Recovery

Drug induced liver injury from indomethacin is usually mild-to-moderate in severity and transient, but can progress to acute liver failure and death. In large case series, indomethacin is rarely mentioned as a cause of acute liver failure. Rechallenge may lead to recurrence and should be avoided. Cross sensitivity to hepatic injury among the various NSAIDs has not been well defined. After clinically apparent hepatic injury from indomethacin, acetic acid related NSAIDs (sulindac, diclofenac, etodolac, tolmetin among others) might best be avoided, and those belonging to other classes administered with caution.

Drug Class: Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs

CASE REPORTS

Case 1. Acute liver failure attributed to indomethacin therapy.

[Modified from: de Kraker-Sangster M, Bronkhorst FB, Brandt KH, Boersma JW. [Massive liver cell necrosis following administration of indomethacin in combination with aminophenzone] Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1981; 125: 1828-31. Dutch. PubMed Citation

A 40 year old man developed jaundice and dark urine two months after starting indomethacin for adult Still disease. The patient was known to have splenomegaly and alkaline phosphatase and GGT elevations with minimal elevations in aminotransferase levels and normal direct and total bilirubin before therapy (Table). A liver biopsy showed nonspecific changes and activation of macrophages, findings that were attributed to his adult Still disease. He was initially treated with aminopyrine (1.5 g/day) and 6 weeks later indomethacin (100 mg/day) was added. On admission, 8 weeks after starting indomethacin, he had jaundice and prominent hepatomegaly. Serum aminotransferase levels and bilirubin were markedly elevated while alkaline phosphatase and GGT were less than pretreatment values. He had no fever or rash and eosinophil counts were normal. Despite stopping both indomethacin and aminopyrine promptly, jaundice deepened, and he developed hepatic encephalopathy, gastrointestinal bleeding and multiorgan failure, and died two weeks after admission. Autopsy showed hepatosplenomegaly and portal hypertension with superimposed massive hepatic necrosis. The biliary tree was normal without obstruction.

Key Points

Medication:Indomethacin (100 mg daily)
Pattern:Hepatocellular (R=9.5)
Severity:5+ (death from acute liver failure)
Latency:2 months
Recovery:No
Other medications:Aminopyrine (aminophenazone) 1.5 g/day for 3.5 months.

Laboratory Values

Time After StartingTime After StoppingALT (U/L)Alk P (U/L)Bilirubin (mg/dL)Other
PrePre38760.5Liver biopsy
Indomethacin started (100 mg/day)
8 weeks05503415.6
9 weeks1 weeks5392625.8
10 weeks2 weeks6722330.8
Death from multi-organ failure
Normal Values <20 <12 <1.2

Comment

A striking instance of acute liver failure arising two months after initiation of indomethacin therapy. An important feature was that the patient had an underlying liver disease before starting indomethacin, which was attributed to nonspecific effects of Still disease. Thus, the clinical phenotype is more similar to "acute-on-chronic" hepatic injury. In retrospect, the patient may have had nodular regenerative hyperplasia, which would account for the hepatosplenomegaly and minor aminotransferase and more marked alkaline phosphatase elevations. As such, the patient would be more susceptible to a poor outcome from acute hepatocellular injury due to a medication. Another factor complicating the interpretation was use of aminopyrine (also called aminophenazone), another antiinflammatory NSAID which has been abandoned because of toxicity (renal and gastric). Causality assessment would probably designate this case as "possible" or at most "probable" indomethacin induced hepatic injury.

Case 2. Acute hepatitis due to indomethacin therapy.

[Modified from: López Navidad A, Cadafalch Arpa J, Vehi Gasol C, Espinos Pérez J. [Acute hepatitis caused by indomethacin] Rev Esp Enferm Apar Dig 1987; 71: 358-9. Spanish. PubMed Citation]

A 55 year old man developed weakness, anorexia and abdominal pain followed by dark urine and jaundice and dark urine 3 weeks after starting indomethacin (125 mg daily) for painful heel spurs. A week after initial symptoms, blood tests showed an acute hepatitis and indomethacin was stopped. He had no history of liver disease, adverse drug reactions, alcohol abuse or risk factors for viral hepatitis. He was taking no other medications. He continued to worsen over the next several weeks and has admitted for evaluation. On examination, he was deeply jaundiced with generalized pruritus and tender hepatomegaly but no rash, fever, or other signs of chronic liver disease or hepatic failure. Laboratory testing showed marked elevation in serum bilirubin and a hepatocellular pattern of serum enzyme elevations with prolongation of the prothrombin time (Table). Tests for hepatitis A and B were negative as was serology of Ebstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus infection. Abdominal ultrasound showed no evidence of biliary obstruction. Liver biopsy was refused. With routine medical management, he improved rapidly. When seen in follow up 4 months later, he was asymptomatic and liver tests were normal.

Key Points

Medication:Indomethacin (125 mg daily)
Pattern:Hepatocellular (R=23.7)
Severity:4+ (jaundice, hospitalization, coagulopathy)
Latency:3 weeks
Recovery:4 months
Other medications:None

Laboratory Values

Time After StartingTime After StoppingALT (U/L)Alk P (U/L)Bilirubin (mg/dL)Other
4 weeks01070-9.9Indomethacin stopped
6 weeks16 days5207723.7Protime 25%
19 days77017535.0
7 weeks26 days20510212.0Protime 75%
3 months2 months24552.9
6 months5 months44560.9
Normal values
 		<45
 		<115
 		<1.2

Comment

This patient developed a moderately severe acute hepatitis starting 3 weeks after initiation of indomethacin therapy. Other causes of liver injury were adequately excluded, although tests for hepatitis C and E were not available at the time (1985). The pattern of enzyme elevations was distinctly hepatocellular even though cholestasis was present with deep jaundice and pruritus.

PRODUCT INFORMATION

REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES

Indomethacin – Generic, Indocin®

DRUG CLASS

Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs

COMPLETE LABELING

Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE

DRUGCAS REGISTRY NOMOLECULAR FORMULASTRUCTURE
Indomethacin 53-86-1 C19-H16-Cl-N-O4
chemical structure for Indomethacin

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

References updated: 23 March 2018

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    (Expert review of hepatotoxicity published in 1999; indomethacin has been linked to rare instances of hepatocellular injury, but appears to have a lower rate of hepatotoxicity than other NSAIDs).
  • Lewis JH, Stine JG. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and leukotriene receptor antagonists. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 369-401.
    (Review of hepatotoxicity of NSAIDs published in 2013; indomethacin has been available in the US since 1963, but only a few instances of jaundice have been reported with its use).
  • Grosser T, Smyth E, FitzGerald GA. Indomethacin. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic agents; pharmacotherapy of gout. In, Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011, pp. 894-5.
    (Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics; indomethacin is an acetic acid derivative that is 20 times more potent that aspirin, but its long-term use is limited by a high rate of intolerance).
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    (46 year old man developed biliverdinemia and green urine 3 weeks after starting indomethacin [bilirubin 3.3 mg/dL, ALT 94 U/L, Alk P 55 KA [~4 times ULN], biliverdin in urine], resolving with prednisone therapy in 2 months).
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    (Two children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, ages 6 and 9 years, on indomethacin for 8 and 14 months developed sudden onset of an acute illness with fever, rapid clinical deterioration and death; autopsies did not reveal an obvious cause, but neither appeared to have acute liver injury).
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    (12 year old boy with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis developed rectal bleeding followed by jaundice and multiorgan failure 8 months after starting indomethacin and prednisone [bilirubin 23.3 mg/dL, ALT 100 U/L, protime 19 sec], and died 10 days later with autopsy showing centrozonal necrosis and microsteatosis).
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    (43 year old woman developed jaundice and pruritus 15 days after starting indomethacin for joint aches [bilirubin 2.2 mg/dL, AST 860 U/L, Alk P 314 U/L], resolving within 50 days of stopping).
  • Lopez Vivancos J, Vilaseca J, Arnau JM, Allende E. [Acute cholestatic hepatitis caused by indomethacin] Gastroenterol Hepatol 1985; 8: 165-6. Spanish. Not in PubMed.
    (38 year old woman developed jaundice 3 weeks after starting indomethacin [bilirubin 12.5 rising to 26.3 mg/dL, ALT 3960 U/L, Alk 246 U/L], resolving within 3 months of stopping).
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    (55 year old man developed jaundice 3 weeks after starting indomethacin [bilirubin 9.9 rising to 35 mg/dL, ALT 1070 U/L, Alk P 77 U/L], resolving within 2 months of stopping indomethacin: Case 2).
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    (51 year old woman developed jaundice 2 weeks after starting indomethacin [bilirubin 20.1 mg/dL, ALT 916 U/L, Alk P 878 U/L, GGT 211 U/L], resolving within 3 months of stopping, but found to have persistent Alk P elevations [~450 U/L] and AMA 1:80 with biopsy findings of primary biliary cirrhosis).
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    .
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    (Among 300 cases of drug induced liver disease in the US collected from 2004 to 2008, NSAIDs were implicated as a sole agent in 8 cases [4 diclofenac, 2 celecoxib, 1 meloxicam, 1 oxaprozin] and as one of several agents in 3 cases [1 diclofenac, 1 celecoxib, 1 ibuprofen]; indomethacin not listed).
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    (Among 1198 patients with acute liver failure enrolled in a US prospective study between 1998 and 2007, 133 were attributed to drug induced liver injury, of which 7 were due to NSAIDs, including 4 attributed to bromfenac, 2 to diclofenac and 1 to etodolac, but none to indomethacin).
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    (79 year old man with chronic hepatitis C developed acute, symptomatic portal vein thrombosis with pain and ascites 11 days after starting indomethacin for back pain [bilirubin 1.2 mg/dL, ALT 74 U/L, GGT 36 U/L, INR 1.02], with eventual recovery on anticoagulation).
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    (Analysis of 42,389 spontaneous serious adverse event reports to the French Pharmacovigilance database on 8 NSAIDs between 2002 and 2006; liver adverse events were most frequent with nimesulide [0.15 per million daily doses] compared to diclofenac [0.09], ketoprofen [0.09], piroxicam [0.06], naproxen [0.04], meloxicam [0.03], and tenoxicam [0.03]; indomethacin was not discussed).
  • Björnsson ES, Bergmann OM, Björnsson HK, Kvaran RB, Olafsson S. Incidence, presentation and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 1419-25. (In a population based study of drug induced liver injury from Iceland, 96 cases were identified over a 2 year period, including 6 attributed to diclofenac [ranking 2nd], but none for indomethacin or other NSAIDs). [PubMed: 23419359]
  • Hernández N, Bessone F, Sánchez A, di Pace M, Brahm J, Zapata R, A Chirino R, et al. Profile of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury in Latin America. An analysis of published reports. Ann Hepatol 2014; 13: 231-9. [PubMed: 24552865]
    (Systematic review of literature of drug induced liver injury in Latin American countries published from 1996 to 2012 identified 176 cases, the most common class of implicated agents being NSAIDS [n=62, 32%], but specific agents were nimesulide [n=53], piroxicam [5], diclofenac [2], gold salts [1], and naproxen [1]; indomethacin was not listed]).
  • Colomba C, Siracusa L, Madonia S, Bonura S, Rubino R. Irreversible acute renal failure and cholestatic hepatitis following therapy with indomethacin in an HIV-naive patient with pericarditis: a case report. Infez Med 2014; 22: 247-9. [PubMed: 25269969]
    (54 year old man with newly diagnosed HIV infection developed renal failure and cholestatic hepatitis shortly after starting indomethacin, but also darunavir, ritonavir, tenofovir, emtricitabine, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and azithromycin [bilirubin 0.3 rising to 16.7 mg/dL, ALT not given, Alk P 516 U/L, creatinine 2.4 rising to 5.4], resulting in death from renal failure despite dialysis).
  • Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al.; United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 1340-52.e7. [PMC free article: PMC4446235] [PubMed: 25754159]
    (Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, 28 were attributed to NSAIDs, but none to indomethacin [Schmeltzer 2016]).
  • Schmeltzer PA, Kosinski AS, Kleiner DE, Hoofnagle JH, Stolz A, Fontana RJ, Russo MW; Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN). Liver injury from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the United States. Liver Int 2016; 36: 603-9. [PMC free article: PMC5035108] [PubMed: 26601797]
    (Among 1221 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a prospective, US database between 2004 and 2014, 30 cases [2.5%] were attributed to NSAIDs, most common diclofenac; none were attributed to indomethacin).
  • Donati M, Conforti A, Lenti MC, Capuano A, Bortolami O, Motola D, Moretti U, et al; DILI-IT Study Group. Risk of acute and serious liver injury associated to nimesulide and other NSAIDs: data from drug-induced liver injury case-control study in Italy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 82: 238-48. [PMC free article: PMC4917796] [PubMed: 26991794]
    (Among 179 cases of acute liver injury and 1770 controls admitted to 9 Italian hospitals between 2010 and 2014, NSAIDs used more frequently in cases compared to controls included nimesulide [17% vs 10%: odds ratio 1.88] and ibuprofen [14% vs 10%: odds ratio 1.59] and risk was higher in those taking higher doses; indomethacin was not mentioned).
  • Zoubek ME, González-Jimenez A, Medina-Cáliz I, Robles-Díaz M, Hernandez N, Romero-Gómez M, Bessone F, et al. High Prevalence of ibuprofen drug-induced Liver injury in Spanish and Latin-American registries. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 16: 292-294. [PubMed: 28782674]
    (Analysis of a Spanish and Latin-American registries identified 73 cases of NSAID induced liver injury, the most common agents being nimesulide [38%], diclofenac [34%] and ibuprofen [17%], indomethacin was not mentioned).

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