OVERVIEW

PRODUCT INFORMATION

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE

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DRUG	CAS REGISTRY NUMBER	MOLECULAR FORMULA	STRUCTURE
Dabigatran Etexilate	211914-51-1	C25-H25-N7-O3

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

References updated: 05 November 2017

• Zimmerman HJ. Drugs used in cardiovascular disease. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 639-412.

  (Textbook of hepatotoxicity published in 1999 before the availability of dabigatran or ximelagatran).
• Weitz JI. Blood coagulation and anticoagulant, fibrinolytic, and antiplatelet drugs. In, Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011, pp. 849-76.

  (Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).
• Albers GW, Diener HC, Frison L, Grind M, Nevinson M, Partridge S, Halperin JL, et al; SPORTIF Executive Steering Committee for the SPORTIF V Investigators. Ximelagatran vs warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005; 293: 690-8. [PubMed: 15701910]

  (Controlled trial of ximelagatran versus warfarin for stroke prevention for an average of 20 months in 3922 patients with atrial fibrillation found ALT elevations above 3 times ULN in 0.8% of warfarin, but 6% of ximelagatran treated subjects; while these abnormalities often resolved even with continuing treatment, 8 subjects also had bilirubin elevations, one died of acute liver failure and one of gastrointestinal hemorrhage).
• Lee WM, Larrey D, Olsson R, Lewis JH, Keisu M, Auclert L, Sheth S. Hepatic findings in long-term clinical trials of ximelagatran. Drug Saf 2005; 28: 351-70. [PubMed: 15783243]

  (Retrospective, expert analysis of hepatotoxicity of ximelagatran based upon results from 6230 patients in clinical trials; elevations in ALT above 3 times ULN occurred in 7.9% of ximelagatran treated vs 1.2% in comparator arms, usually within 1 to 6 months of starting, resolving within a few weeks of stopping, and not usually recurring upon reexposure [6%]; 0.5% had elevations in both ALT and bilirubin, and one had severe hepatitis and died possibly of a complication of corticosteroid treatment).
• Kindmark A, Jawaid A, Harbron CG, Barratt BJ, Bengtsson OF, Andersson TB, Carlsson S, et al. Genome-wide pharmacogenetic investigation of a hepatic adverse event without clinical signs of immunopathology suggests an underlying immune pathogenesis. Pharmacogenomics J 2008; 8: 186-95. [PubMed: 17505501]

  (Genome-wide analysis of 74 patients who developed serum ALT elevations during ximelagatran therapy and 130 who did not in prelicensure clinical trials, found an association of liver injury with HLA-DRB1*07 [present in 26% of cases vs 8.5% of controls]).
• Eriksson BI, Dahl OE, Rosencher N, Kurth AA, van Dijk CN, Frostick SP, Prins MH, et al.; RE-NOVATE Study Group. Dabigatran etexilate versus enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip replacement: a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2007; 370: 949-56. [PubMed: 17869635]

  (Controlled trial of dabigatran vs enoxaparin in 3294 patients undergoing hip replacement found ALT elevations above 3 times ULN in 3% of dabigatran vs 5% of enoxaparin treated patients, all returning to baseline during follow up; 2 dabigatran treated patients had elevations in ALT and bilirubin, diagnosis being cholangitis in one and unknown in other, both resolving with discontinuation).
• Eriksson BI, Dahl OE, Rosencher N, Kurth AA, van Dijk CN, Frostick SP, Kälebo P, et al.; RE-MODEL Study Group. Oral dabigatran etexilate vs. subcutaneous enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement: the RE-MODEL randomized trial. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5: 2178-85. [PubMed: 17764540]

  (Controlled trial of dabigatran vs enoxaparin in 2076 patients undergoing knee replacement surgery found ALT elevations above 3 times ULN in 2.8% to 3.7% of dabigatran vs 4.0% of enoxaparin treated subjects; one patient on dabigatran had a simultaneous elevation of bilirubin and ALT which was unexplained and resolved within 4 weeks of stopping).
• Chalasani N, Fontana RJ, Bonkovsky HL, Watkins PB, Davern T, Serrano J, Yang H, Rochon J; Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN). Causes, clinical features, and outcomes from a prospective study of drug-induced liver injury in the United States. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 1924-34. [PMC free article: PMC3654244] [PubMed: 18955056]

  (Among 300 cases of drug induced liver injury in the US collected from 2004 to 2008, none were attributed to warfarin or other anticoagulants).
• Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, Mismetti P, Schellong S, Eriksson H, Baanstra D, et al.; RE-COVER Study Group. Dabigatran versus warfarin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 2342-52. [PubMed: 19966341]

  (Controlled trial of dabigatran vs warfarin for 6 months in 1274 patients with venous thromboses; ALT levels >3 times ULN occurred in 3.4% of dabigatran vs 3.8% of warfarin treated patients, and 6 patients had both a bilirubin and ALT elevations, but all had another plausible reason for liver injury [cancer, cholangitis]).
• Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, Eikelboom J, Oldgren J, Parekh A, Pogue J, et al.; RE-LY Steering Committee and Investigators. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1139-51. [PubMed: 19717844]

  (Controlled trial of dabigatran vs warfarin in 18,113 patients with atrial fibrillation for average of 2 years found ALT above 3 times ULN in 1.9-2.1% of dabigatran vs 2.2% of warfarin treated subjects; 0.2% in both groups had simultaneous bilirubin and ALT elevations).
• Dabigatran etexilate (Pradaxa)--a new oral anticoagulant. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2010; 52 (1351): 89-90. [PubMed: 21068702]

  (Concise review of pharmacology, efficacy and safety of dabigatran shortly after its approval in the US; most common troublesome side effects are dyspepsia and gastritis; no mention of liver injury or hepatotoxicity).
• Reuben A, Koch DG, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Drug-induced acute liver failure: results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology 2010; 52: 2065-76. [PMC free article: PMC3992250] [PubMed: 20949552]

  (Among 1198 patients with acute liver failure enrolled in a US prospective study between 1998 and 2007, 133 [11%] were attributed to drug induced liver injury, but none were due to anticoagulants or platelet inhibitors).
• Friedman RJ, Dahl OE, Rosencher N, Caprini JA, Kurth AA, Francis CW, Clemens A, et al.; RE-MOBILIZE, RE-MODEL, RE-NOVATE Steering Committees. Dabigatran versus enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip or knee arthroplasty: a pooled analysis of three trials. Thromb Res 2010; 126: 175-82. [PubMed: 20434759]

  (Analysis of 3 trials of prevention of venous thrombosis after arthroplasty found ALT elevations >3 times ULN in 2.2 to 2.6% of dabigatran vs 3.6% of enoxaparin treated subjects, usually arising in first 10 days; 2 of 5270 [~1 per 2000] dabigatran treated patients had both jaundice and enzyme elevations without another obvious cause, both resolving on stopping dabigatran).
• Tran A, Cheng-Lai A. Dabigatran etexilate: the first oral anticoagulant available in the United States since warfarin. Cardiol Rev 2011; 19: 154-61. [PubMed: 21464643]

  (Review of pharmacology, safety and efficacy of dabigatran; "unlike ximelagatran, dabigatran does not appear to have any hepatotoxic effects," ALT elevations greater than 3 times ULN occurred in 3% of treated patients).
• Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW. Dabigatran etexilate: a new oral thrombin inhibitor. Circulation 2011; 123: 1436-50. [PubMed: 21464059]

  (Review of the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and safety of dabigatran).
• Nutescu E, Chuatrisorn I, Hellenbart E. Drug and dietary interactions of warfarin and novel oral anticoagulants: an update. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2011; 31: 326-43. [PubMed: 21359645]

  (Extensive review of the drug-drug and drug-food interactions of the oral anticoagulants; unlike with warfarin, there are few significant drug and dietary interactions with dabigatran).
• Ma TK, Yan BP, Lam YY. Dabigatran etexilate versus warfarin as the oral anticoagulant of choice? A review of clinical data. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 129: 185-94. [PubMed: 20920530]

  (Review of trials of efficacy and safety of dabigatran mentions that ALT levels above 3 times ULN occurred in 1.5-3.1% of dabigatran vs 5-7.4% of enoxaparin treated patients).
• Eriksson BI, Dahl OE, Huo MH, Kurth AA, Hantel S, Hermansson K, Schnee JM, et al.; RE-NOVATE II Study Group. Oral dabigatran versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after primary total hip arthroplasty (RE-NOVATE II*). A randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Thromb Haemost 2011; 105: 721-9. [PubMed: 21225098]

  (Controlled trial of dabigatran vs enoxaparin in 2055 patients undergoing orthopedic surgery found similar efficacy and side effects of the 2 anticoagulants; ALT elevations above 3 times ULN occurred in 3.8% on dabigatran and 5.6% on enoxaparin, and there were no episodes of clinically apparent liver injury that could be linked to either).
• Rochwerg B, Xenodemetropoulos T, Crowther M, Spyropoulos A. Dabigatran-induced acute hepatitis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2012; 18: 549-50. [PubMed: 22962308]

  (71 year old man with atrial fibrillation developed jaundice 2-4 weeks after starting dabigatran [bilirubin 6.0 mg/dL, ALT 667 U/L, Alk P 680 U/L], resolving within 2 weeks of stopping).
• Fulcrand J, Lerooy A, Giraud J, Cailliau A, Delrot C, Petitpain N, Auffret M; le réseau des Centres régionaux de Pharmacovigilance. [Cytolysis in an elderly patient treated with dabigatran etexilate]. Therapie 2013; 68: 332-4. [PubMed: 24225047]

  (86 year old woman with atrial fibrillation was taking dabigatran for 6 months when she presented with renal failure and ALT elevations [100 times ULN; bilirubin and Alk P not mentioned], which fell to normal within days of stopping).
• Caldeira D, Barra M, Santos AT, de Abreu D, Pinto FJ, Ferreira JJ, Costa J. Risk of drug-induced liver injury with the new oral anticoagulants: systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart 2014; 100: 550-6. [PubMed: 24476812]

  (Systemic review of controlled trials of newer anticoagulants identified 29 trials in 152,116 patients followed for an average of 16 months and found no increase in risk of ALT elevations above 3 times ULN compared to low molecular weight heparin or placebo arms; 2.1% taking dabigatran vs 2.7% in control groups).
• New oral anticoagulants for acute venous thromboembolism. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2014; 56 (1433): 3-4. [PubMed: 24419296]

  (Brief comparison of warfarin, rivaroxaban, apixaban and dabigatran as anticoagulants as therapy for venous thromboembolism, all of which have similar efficacy, warfarin requiring regular monitoring of INR whereas the others not).
• Raschi E, Poluzzi E, Koci A, Salvo F, Pariente A, Biselli M, Moretti U, et al. Liver injury with novel oral anticoagulants: assessing post-marketing reports in the US Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80: 285-93. [PMC free article: PMC4541976] [PubMed: 25689417]

  (Analysis of 17,097 reports to FDA on adverse events associated with newer oral anticoagulants identified 146 liver related events attributed to rivaroxaban [3.7% of total reports] with 25 resulting in acute liver failure, and 222 to dabigatran [1.7% of total] with 41 resulting in acute liver failure; case-by-case analysis was difficult "it should be acknowledged that this clinical event may not be necessarily related to the drug").
• Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al.; United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients With drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 1340-52. [PMC free article: PMC4446235] [PubMed: 25754159]

  (Among 899 patients with clinically apparent drug induced liver injury enrolled in a US prospective study over an 8 year period, 2 were attributed to antithrombotic agents including 1 to prasurgel [platelet inhibitor] and 1 to dalteparin [low molecular weight heparin], but none to dabigatran).
• Liakoni E, Rätz Bravo AE, Krähenbühl S. Hepatotoxicity of new oral anticoagulants (NOACs). Drug Saf 2015; 38: 711-20. [PubMed: 26138527]

  (Systematic review of evidence of hepatotoxicity of new oral anticoagulants includiing rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban and dabigatran found 22 cases of liver injury due to rivaroxaban, 2 dabigatran, 2 apixaban, but none to endoxaban).
• Alonso A, MacLehose RF, Chen LY, Bengtson LG, Chamberlain AM, Norby FL, Lutsey PL. Prospective study of oral anticoagulants and risk of liver injury in patients with atrial fibrillation. Heart 2017; 103: 834-9. [PMC free article: PMC5429195] [PubMed: 28057799]

  (Analysis of a database on more than 1 million patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation on oral anticoagulants identified 960 hospitalizations with liver injury, rates being highest for warfarin, intermediate for rivaroxaban, and lowest for apixaban and dabigatran).
• Bunchorntavakul C, Reddy KR. Drug hepatotoxicity: newer agents. Clin Liver Dis 2017; 21: 115-34. [PubMed: 27842767]

  (Review of hepatotoxicity of recently approved medications including dabigatran which has been implicated in cases of clinically apparent liver injury in both FDA and WHO spontaneous reporting databases, including 41 instances of acute liver failure).